The univentricular heart encompasses a spectrum of rare and complex congenital cardiac malformations whereby both atria predominantly egress into one functionally single ventricular chamber, precluding biventricular repair. Population studies indicate an overall prevalence of approximately 2 per 10,000 live births.…
Key Points The biophysics and mechanisms of cryothermal injury comprise the following general phases: freeze/thaw, hemorrhage and inflammation, replacement fibrosis, and apoptosis. Cryoablation lesion size is determined by refrigerant flow rate, electrode size, electrode pressure, electrode orientation, duration of energy…
Age Gender Occupation Working Diagnosis 70 Years Female Retired Phrenic Nerve Stimulation After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Implant History A 70-year-old woman with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III symptoms, a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of…