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The use and sophistication of permanent pacemakers have increased steadily since the first pacemaker was implanted in 1958. Indications for their use have broadened as the technology has advanced, and pacemakers have become a mainstay of therapy. Those involved in…

Key Points Mapping Localized atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers commonly exist in spatially defined regions that may fluctuate over time but in the similar defined region. Similar AF drivers have been mapped in optical maps of human AF and by other…