General Principles The extraocular muscles (EOMs) have many anatomic, physiologic, and molecular characteristics distinct from those of other striated muscles. These unique characteristics, which likely developed in response to the specialized demands placed on EOMs, including tonic position, maintaining contractures,…
Introduction The acute polyneuropathies are a group of acquired, generally immune-mediated or infectious disorders causing dysfunction and sometimes degeneration of peripheral nerves, spinal sensory and motor nerve roots, and occasionally the cranial nerves. The most common of these conditions are…
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Introduction Mononeuropathies are rare in children, accounting for fewer than 10% of pediatric referrals for electromyographic (EMG) testing. This is in contrast to adults, in whom as many as 30% of EMG referrals are for investigation and characterization of discrete…
Anatomy In total, there are 31 spinal nerve root pairs: 8 in relation to the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. In general, one nerve root is adjacent to each vertebra, but the cervical…
The field of pediatric neuromuscular disorders has continued to expand scientifically since the era of molecular neurogenetics began in the mid-1980s. The rapid changes in the field may be overwhelming to busy, practicing clinicians on a day-to-da… Introduction The role…
Clinical Vignette A 54-year-old man developed acute-onset right thigh, hip, and buttock pain. He reported right knee “buckling” when he stepped off a curb, resulting in a fall. He also noted right foot drop. Paresthesias developed over the right thigh,…