Risk Neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction can cause difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). Dysphagia can be classified into distinct types: Oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the tongue, pharynx, larynx and/or upper esophageal sphincter and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of…
Historical Perspective The nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) d-tubocurarine has been used for 500 years as a paralyzing poison. In the 16th century, Sir Walter Raleigh reported that hunters in South America were using darts and arrows dipped in curare…
Key Points ▪ Sleep is a dynamic neuronal and behavioral state that can be characterized using specific electroencephalographic, electrophysiologic, and behavioral findings. ▪ Characteristics of sleep can be quantified using questionnaires, actigraphy, or respiratory polygraphy. However, polysomnography, including electroencephalogram, electrooculogram,…