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The rapid growth in the complexity of interventional electrophysiology made the inherent limitation of fluoroscopic imaging quite clear. Although three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomic mapping and preprocedural anatomic imaging have been important in augmenting our intraprocedural understanding of cardiac and extracardiac anatomy,…

Key Points A detailed understanding of the anatomy of the atrial septum and its relationship with critical structures such as the aortic root and the posterior atrial wall is crucial to safely perform transseptal catheterization. A biplane fluoroscopy-guided technique using…