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Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to Dr. Narayan (HL83359, HL103800, and HL149134) and to Dr. Rappel (HL122384 and HL145500). Dr. Zaman is funded by a Fulbright award and by a fellowship…

Key Points Mapping Localized atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers commonly exist in spatially defined regions that may fluctuate over time but in the similar defined region. Similar AF drivers have been mapped in optical maps of human AF and by other…