Anatomy This chapter is different from other chapters, in that there may be a variety of causes and different anatomic regions may be the etiology of pain in later pregnancy. As for anatomic considerations, the main focus of this chapter…
Scrotum Normal Anatomy The surface of the testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis, which extends to the inner surface of the scrotal wall in continuity. A trace amount of fluid in between both layers allows a high mobility of…
Normal Anatomy Kidneys The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures and are surrounded by fascial layers, including Gerota’s fascia. There is direct supply of the renal arteries and veins to the kidney from the abdominal aorta. The right and left renal arteries…
Normal Anatomy The pancreas is mostly within the retroperitoneum in the anterior pararenal space. However, the tail of the pancreas is actually an intraperitoneal structure and in close relationship with the splenorenal ligament. To best understand the anatomy of the…
The Gallbladder Normal Anatomy The normal anatomy of the gallbladder, biliary tract, and surrounding organs is presented in Fig. 17.1 . The gallbladder is connected via the cystic duct to the common hepatic duct, forming the common bile duct (CBD)…
The Liver Normal Liver Normal Anatomy The cephalad portion of the liver is bounded by the diaphragm. The caudal extent of the liver is in close proximity to the stomach, the duodenum, and the large bowel and lies just cephalad…
Introduction The development of focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) over 30 years ago enabled clinicians to rapidly screen for injury at the bedside of patients, especially those hemodynamically unstable for transport to the computed tomography (CT) suite. The…
Introduction Ultrasound is the preferred modality for performing imaging-guided interventional procedures. Advantages over other modalities such as CT include real-time guidance allowing precise needle placement, portability, relatively low cost, and lack of ionising radiation. , The addition of colour Doppler…