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Introduction As the population ages and indications for implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) expand, increasing numbers of CIEDs are implanted with some data suggesting the rate of CIED infection is outpacing the rate of implant. CIED infection carries…

Key Points Ablation of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is a potentially complex procedure, which carries a lower success rate than ablation for paroxysmal AF. Pulmonary vein isolation remains the cornerstone of AF ablation in every AF population…