Introduction Embryology is the basis for understanding the intimate relation between structures in different organ systems, such as the nervous system and muscle, and is primordial for understanding pathogenesis in disorders of development that in the human may present as…
Olfaction Perception of odorous molecules is the oldest special sense in both phylogeny and ontogeny. Olfaction is the earliest special sense in evolution; even polyps and jellyfishes, possessing only a loose neural net without a brain or even a ganglion,…
Key Concepts Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) may be generalized throughout the cerebral cortex or may be focal dysplasias. The etiologies of MCD may be genetic as either germline or postzygotic somatic mutations or both or may be epigenetic due…
This chapter includes an accompanying lecture presentation that has been prepared by the authors: Video 63.1 . This chapter includes an accompanying lecture presentation that has been prepared by the authors: Video 63.1 . Key Concepts Morphogenesis of the nervous…
Introduction In the 1960s and early 1970s, histochemical stains were for the pathological examination of the routine muscle biopsy to define myofiber types and certain metabolic disturbances, and they continue to be the standard of diagnostic examination of the muscle…
Embryological and Fetal Development of the Nervous System Neuroembryology integrated with molecular genetics provides the key to understanding congenital malformations of the nervous system. Modern neuroembryology or ontogenesis encompasses not only classical descriptive morphogenesis but also the molecular genetic programming…