Abbreviations ALT alanine aminotransferase AST aspartate aminotransferase ATPase adenosine triphosphatase CTR1 copper transporter 1 LT liver transplantation Introduction Copper is essential for biologic processes in plants, bacteria, fungi, and complex organisms. Because copper can exist in two oxidation states (Cu…
Copper, a component of numerous essential enzymes, is toxic to cells when present in excess. Dietary intake of copper generally exceeds the trace amount required physiologically, and mechanisms to control influx and efflux from cells must maintain an appropriate balance.…
. Developmental and inherited disorders affecting the liver typically present in childhood but may affect individuals of any age. The effect of inherited metabolic disorders on the liver may be considered primary , caused by the accumulation of a metabolite…