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Pearls Asymptomatic iAVMs carry an ~ 2.2% annual risk for hemorrhage. If followed, asymptomatic AVMs that rupture carry a minimum 40% morbidity Genetic and environmental factors play a role in iAVM development. Risk factors for hemorrhage include intranidal or venous…
Key Points Extracranial carotid artery stenosis is the cause of approximately 8% of ischemic strokes. Modalities for diagnosing extracranial carotid artery stenosis include carotid artery duplex Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and conventional angiography. Each modality has…