Key Points 1. Patients with severe cardiovascular disease and those undergoing surgery associated with rapid hemodynamic changes should be adequately monitored at all times. 2. Standard monitoring for cardiac surgery patients includes invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, central venous pressure, urine…
Key Points 1. Standard monitoring for cardiac surgery patients includes electrocardiography, invasive blood pressure, central venous pressure, urine output, temperature, capnometry, pulse oximetry, and intermittent blood gas analysis. 2. Additional monitoring is based on specific patient, surgical, and environmental factors.…
Key points ▪ Even the most uncommon cardiac diseases are characterized by common and classifiable patterns of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. ▪ Knowledge of disease effects on determinants of cardiac function allows the practitioner to select appropriate anesthetic drugs and…