Introduction Shared decision-making (SDM) in cancer care seems to state the obvious. What other kinds of decision-making are ethical for oncologic patients, or in fact, any patient? Despite this self-evident truth, the widespread corporatization of health care across many countries…
Key Points In approximately 5% of adult patients, the sacral hiatus is nearly impossible to cannulate with needle or catheter. The tissue mass overlying the sacrum in some patients makes the technique difficult. The sacral hiatus lies at the tip…
Key Points Epidural block can be performed in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. Paramedian approach is the preferred technique for thoracic epidural, while median and paramedian approaches are suitable for lumbar epidural. T5–T6 interspace is the…
Key Points Spinal anesthesia is unparalleled in that a small mass of local anesthetic can produce dense surgical anesthesia. Bupivacaine is the ideal drug for spinal anesthesia. Identification of the lamina at 1 cm lateral to the spinous process is…
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Key Points It is a useful block in providing topical anesthesia to the laryngotracheal mucosa innervated by branches of vagus nerve. Injection through the cricothyroid membrane results in the solution being spread onto the tracheal structures and coughed onto the…
Key Points The superior laryngeal nerve is blocked at the lower border of the hyoid bone. A small 25-gauge, short needle is used to reduce the risk of intravascular or intralaryngeal injections. Perspective The superior laryngeal nerve block is one…
Key Points The distal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located submucosally immediately posterior to the palatine tonsil, deep to the posterior tonsillar pillar. Glossopharyngeal blocks can be achieved from an intraoral approach or externally next to the styloid process.…
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KEY POINTS The most common complication of the retrobulbar block is hematoma formation, which can be minimized by using a needle shorter than 31 mm or performing a peribulbar approach. Sudden apnea may happen secondary to unexpected spinal anesthesia—related to…