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The pericardium is a two-layered sac that encircles the heart ( Fig. 56.1 ). The visceral pericardium is a mesothelial monolayer that adheres to the epicardium. It is reflected back on itself at the level of the great vessels, where…
Acquired disease of the right-sided cardiac valves is much less common than disease of the left-sided valves, possibly because of the relatively lower pressures and hemodynamic stress to which the right-sided valves are subjected. Indeed, right-sided valvular dysfunction most commonly…