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Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is defined as a malformation in which there is no direct connection between any pulmonary vein and the left atrium. The pulmonary veins connect either to the right atrium or to one of the major systemic veins that directs blood to the right atrium. For an infant with this defect to survive after birth, the foramen ovale or ductus arteriosus must…

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a group of anomalies in which the venous drainage from part or all of one lung is connected to the right atrium or to one of the major systemic veins leading to the right atrium. Morphology The three most common forms of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection are discussed in this chapter, including a description of the morphology of each.…

Ventricular septal defect

Defects of the ventricular septum are among the most common congenital cardiac anomalies. Small ventricular septal defects are not associated with significant hemodynamic consequences and may close spontaneously. Large ventricular septal defects are associated with shunting of blood from the left-sided circulation to the right through the defect, resulting in heart failure and ultimately pulmonary hypertension. Morphology Ventricular septal defects are classified according to their location…

Atrial and atrioventricular septal defects

Defects of the atrial septum are common cardiac anomalies. The surface cardiac anatomy is assessed for cardiac chamber and pulmonary artery enlargement, status of the mitral and tricuspid valves, location of the pulmonary veins (especially the right superior pulmonary vein), persistent left superior vena cava, and patent ductus arteriosus. Morphology You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

Circulatory support

Cannulation for left and right heart bypass Left or right heart bypass is commonly employed to assist a patient’s failing circulation. This method utilizes readily available cannulae and pumping devices. Pump circuits are extracorporeal, so this type of assisted circulation can be used for only a limited time (usually days). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

Setup for cardiac surgery

Incision Successful cardiac surgeons know that a standardized routine for cardiac operations is essential. An established routine makes every operation more efficient and, in the case of an emergency, allows one to proceed with speed and accuracy. Control of venae cavae For most procedures to address congenital cardiac conditions, and for the surgical correction of some acquired conditions in which access to the right intracardiac structures…