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Global child health

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know about the major causes of child mortality globally Know about the most common illnesses in low resource countries: pneumonia, gastroenteritis, malaria, HIV infection, tuberculosis, measles Know about intervention programmes to improve health: immunization, paediatric life support courses, integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) Know about the identification, pathophysiology, clinical features and management of malnutrition…

Adolescent medicine

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know about the epidemiology of adolescent medicine Know about the physical and psychological changes during adolescence Know about the mode of action and physiological consequences of substances taken without medical advice for recreational use Be aware of chronic pain in adolescence and its management Understand the main issues relating to sexual health Be aware of…

Hearing and balance

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear Understand how the structure of the ear is related to function Understand the process of hearing and how it may be impaired Understand the process of ear development Be aware of the genetic and environmental causes of hearing loss Know how to investigate hearing loss…

Ophthalmology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know and understand the anatomy and embryology of the eye Understand how the structure of the eye relates to function Understand the normal development of vision and the pathophysiology of visual impairment Know the physiology of the eye and its movement Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of eye disorders Recognize congenital…

Metabolic medicine

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the biochemistry of metabolism, including urea cycle, Krebs cycle and fatty acid cycle Understand the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, e.g. electrolyte and acid–base disturbance, hyperammonaemia and hypoglycaemia Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of metabolic disorders Be aware of the metabolic disorders identified on neonatal screening Understand the investigations that are…

Neurology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the anatomy and embryology of the central and peripheral nervous systems Understand the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and how CSF analysis can be used for diagnosis of neurological conditions including infections Understand how the physiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems applies to neurophysiology (e.g. EEG, EMG) Understand the role of imaging…

Musculoskeletal disorders

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the embryology and anatomy of the musculoskeletal system Understand the histology and physiology of normal muscle and how structure relates to function Understand the pathophysiological changes which occur in muscle and joint disorders Know the commoner genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of musculoskeletal disorders Know the investigations used in the diagnosis of…

Diabetes and endocrinology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the anatomy, embryology and function of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenals Understand the pathophysiological basis of endocrine diseases such as diabetes (including the aetiology and identification of different forms of diabetes) and disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands Understand the major influences on calcium and bone physiology Understand…

Dermatology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the embryology of the skin and its relationship to genetic and other dermatological disorders Know the normal anatomy, physiology and function of skin Know about dermatological history and examination Know about the main dermatological investigations Know about the pharmacology of agents used to treat common skin disorders Know about associations between disorders of the…

Child and adolescent mental health

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the context of child mental health within paediatrics Understand the social, moral and cognitive development of children Be aware of the determinants of mental health Understand the 4Ps framework and how common emotional and behavioural problems may evolve Know about common emotional and behavioural problems, such as sleep problems, feeding problems, disruptive behaviour, eating…

Haematology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand haematopoiesis in children Recognize the genetic and environmental factors involved in haematological disorders Understand the investigation and management of disorders of haematopoiesis Understand the normal coagulation pathway and its investigations Understand the pathophysiology, investigation and management of disorders of haemostasis/thrombosis Understand the role of major and minor blood group antigens and be aware of…

Oncology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the development of cancer Know about genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of malignancies Know about the pathophysiology of malignancy Understand the basis of the presentation of common malignancies of childhood including acute leukaemia, Wilms' tumour, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and brain tumours Know about the scientific basis of the investigations used in oncological conditions,…

Hepatology

Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the anatomy and embryology of the liver and biliary tract and how variation relates to specific disorders, e.g. biliary atresia Know the basic histopathology and cellular dysfunction of important disorders, e.g. autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson's disease Understand the anatomical, physiological and hormonal changes in the liver that occur throughout childhood Understand the physiological basis of…

Genital disorders

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the embryology of the genitourinary tract and how abnormality leads to common problems Know the normal anatomy and the range that this encompasses Understand the disorders of sexual development Genital anomalies in children are common, and are the cause of much anxiety for children and their parents. The first question often asked of new…

Nephrology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the critical anatomy and embryology of the urinary tract Understand the relevant physiology of the kidney and understand how dysfunction relates to disease Know the commoner presentations of renal disease in children Have a logical rationale for the investigation of renal disease and disorders of the urinary tract Understand the principles of water balance…

Cardiology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the anatomy and embryology of the normal heart Know the anatomy of the commoner types of congenital heart disease Understand the development of the heart and know the abnormalities that are associated with the common congenital heart diseases Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of heart disease Understand the physiological basis…

Respiratory medicine

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know about the embryology of the respiratory system Know the anatomy of the respiratory system Understand the physiology of respiration Know the physical signs and symptoms and presentation of respiratory illness Understand the changes in the respiratory system during sleep Be able to select and interpret appropriate respiratory investigations Know the aetiology and management of…

Allergy

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of allergic disorders Know the scientific basis of allergic disorders Understand the rationale for investigation and management of allergic disorders Allergy and immunity The immune system primarily protects the host from microbial attack without causing harm to that host. It has two interacting components: the innate…

Infection and immunity

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Know the classification and essential features of infectious agents Understand the pharmacology and rational use of antimicrobials Understand host defence mechanisms and their pattern of development Know the causes and common presentations of vulnerability to infection, including primary/secondary immunodeficiency Understand the pathophysiology of fever and some infections of childhood such as meningitis Understand the scientific…

Gastroenterology

Learning objectives By the end of this chapter the reader should: Understand the anatomy and embryology of the gastrointestinal tract and how this relates to congenital disorders Know about normal gut function and the principles of motility, absorption and secretion Understand the basic histopathology and cellular dysfunction of important disorders, including coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease Know about the role of the gut in acute…