Introduction Boxing is one of the most ancient sports Marquis of Queensbury modified the rules in the early 1800s The 1904 St. Louis Olympic Games saw men’s boxing introduced as a competition sport and women’s boxing as an exhibition sport. Women’s boxing became an official sport at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Boxing is a medically, ethically, and morally controversial sport because of the nature of…
Introduction Martial arts are bodies of codified practices or traditions of training for unarmed and armed combat, usually without the use of guns and other modern weapons. People study martial arts for various reasons, including improved fitness, self-realization (meditation), mental/character development, and self-defense. Epidemiology There are over 140 martial arts styles practiced worldwide. Participants Approximately 2–8 million participants in the United States The male-to-female ratio is…
Introduction As a competitive sport, rowing dates back several hundred years and was an original sport in the modern Olympic Games. First intercollegiate sport in the United States; initial race held in 1852 (Harvard vs. Yale). With the adoption of Title IX regulations, the participation of women in collegiate rowing has surged, from roughly 1000 in 1981–1982 to approximately 7300 today, now surpassing males. General Principles…
Introduction Understanding the sport of sailing and the wide variations in sailboat classes, events, equipment, crew positions, and physical demands is essential to caring for a sailing team. The sport has evolved from early yacht racing in England in the 1600s, to Olympic-level racing and now, worldwide extreme endurance sailing. The recent advent of high-tech sailboats capable of increasing speeds and rapid maneuvers is now causing…
General Principles Overview Diving includes multiple activities performed in an aquatic environment. Technology allows people to enjoy the underwater experience. An estimated 2.8–3 million US divers participate each year. People dive for various reasons, including new experience, unique environment and surroundings, new challenges, jobs, military duties, sport, and environmental awareness. Types of Diving Breath-hold diving (apnea, free, or skin diving) Snorkel is the main piece of…
Swimming Introduction Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology At the international level, aquatic sports disciplines account for the second largest group of athletes at the Olympic Games and are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA). USA Swimming currently has over 400,000 registered athletes and 3100 clubs. US Masters Swimming consists of…
Figure Skating Introduction Figure skating is a sport that focuses on a unique combination of athleticism, strength, endurance, gracefulness, and artistry on ice. Today, over 203,000 members and 765 clubs are registered with US Figure Skating. General Principles History Began in the early 1800s; its name was derived from the complicated figures traced on the ice during its early years. Jumps and spins were introduced in…
Hockey Organization and Participation USA Hockey, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is the national governing body for ice hockey in the United States and the official representative of the US Olympic Committee and International Ice Hockey Federation. USA Hockey works in conjunction with the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). During 1968–1969, 3800 teams were registered with USA Hockey. During 1993–1994,…
General Principles Overview Snowboarding was developed in the 1970s, popularized in the 1980s, and became an Olympic sport in 1998 and a Paralympic sport in 2014. Recreational and competitive snowboarding has evolved over the past 2 decades because of increased popularity, equipment development, and new disciplines. Snowboarders ride on slopes, terrain parks, and half-pipes shared with skiers at winter resorts, as well as in the backcountry.…
General Principles Cross-country or Nordic skiing is multifaceted and can be pursued either as a simple recreational outdoor activity or a vigorous competitive endurance sport. Cross-country skiing serves as an excellent means to develop and maintain cardiovascular fitness; most large muscle groups of the upper and lower body are used in a smooth, rhythmic, low-impact manner. A recent prospective study showed association with reduction in all-cause…
General Principles Background Alpine skiing is a popular sport worldwide, with approximately >200 million participants per year. High speeds, variable terrain, and weather conditions, combined with equipment, can create a significant opportunity for getting injured. Equipment changes have changed the nature of injuries, but with more recent studies showing some decline in injury rates. Lower extremity injuries are the most common, but upper extremity injuries are…
General 17 million people in the United States participate in tennis at least once a year ( Fig. 76.1 ). 10 million people play tennis at least 10 times per year. 4.5 million youths play tennis annually. Epidemiology of Tennis Injuries Injuries to the lower extremity and spine account for 50%–75% of all tennis injuries. Elite players tend to have more injuries to the lower extremities…
Introduction First conceived as a way to play baseball indoors during months of harsh weather, softball has emerged over time as one of the most popular sports in the United States. Enjoyed by females and males of all ages and at all levels of competition, softball has proven itself distinct from its older cousin in terms of rules, biomechanical techniques, and injuries sustained during play. Incidence…
General Overview Baseball, the great American pastime, was first described by Abner Doubleday in 1839. Shoulder and elbow problems became a familiar part of the game in the 1880s with the advent of overhand pitching. Although ballplayers suffer the usual sports-related strains and sprains, it is in understanding common shoulder and elbow throwing injuries that the baseball team physician is defined. Throwing Biomechanics And Associated Pathology…
Introduction Volleyball is a popular sport played worldwide both recreationally and professionally. Volleyball is a truly American game with origins back to the 1890s. Made its debut at the Olympic Games in 1964. It requires quick and explosive movements. Volleyball is considered a noncontact sport. Epidemiology Most injuries occur to blockers and hitters as opposed to passers and setters. Certain positions are associated with specific injuries…
Introduction Physical education teacher James Naismith invented basketball in 1891 as a noncontact sport wherein teams competed to throw a ball into opposing peach baskets. Since then, basketball has become increasingly physical, with regular contact between players yielding one of the highest overall injury rates among noncollision sports. Epidemiology Most basketball injuries are sustained in the lower extremity, with contact mechanisms accounting for the majority of…
Introduction A group of students at Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey, first played Ultimate Frisbee in 1968. Commonly referred to as “Ultimate.” Distinct from disc golf. Played from the recreational to the international level. Most commonly played outdoors on grass or turf fields, but variations include indoor and beach Ultimate. In 2017, approximately 3.13 million participants in the United States, which includes all ages…
General Principles History Oldest known stick and ball game in history, existing in the BC era. Became a popular British sport in 1861, entering as an outdoor Olympic sport for males in 1908 and for females in 1980. Primarily an outdoor sport, indoor field hockey (FH) is becoming more popular, with an Indoor Hockey World Cup in place since 2003. Although both bear many similarities, this…
Introduction US Lacrosse is the governing body for all disciples of lacrosse in the United States, including men’s and women’s field lacrosse and indoor (box) lacrosse. World Lacrosse is the international federation responsible for providing governance and leadership for 66 member nations. Over the past 2 decades, lacrosse has been one of the fastest-growing team sports in the country at all levels. Lacrosse is known as…
Introduction Rugby union (rugby) is a continuous, multiple-sprint, unhelmeted (padded headgear is permitted) collision team sport (>200 tackles per game) played by men and women, boys and girls, in 120 countries across six continents. Rugby has unique metabolic demands, requiring fitness in multiple domains (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, power, endurance). The original 15-a-side game lasts for 80 minutes with a 10-minute half-time interval. The 15-a-side version is…