Atlas References Netter: 273–299, 301–305 McMinn: 234–252 Gray's Atlas: 157–182 In most cadavers, the liver occupies a significant portion of the peritoneal cavity. The gallbladder may be difficult to see at this point, but look for its fundus. Dissection Tip The gallbladder, if not surgically removed, will become visible as the dissection proceeds. Dissection Steps o With a scalpel, make a horizontal incision at the lower…

Atlas References Netter: 270–273, 276, 280, 284 McMinn: 226–233, 244, 249 Gray's Atlas: 152–156, 159, 164, 166–168, 172 Three Different Techniques for Opening the Peritoneal Cavity Dissection Tip All cuts with the scalpel should be made carefully to avoid cutting too deeply into the peritoneal cavity and underlying viscera. Technique 1 o After removal of the skin over the anterior abdominal wall, palpate the most inferior…

Atlas References Netter: 249–264, 389, 390 McMinn: 217–225, 253 Gray's Atlas: 134–146, 148–150 Before You Begin In general, the abdomen can be divided into right and left superior (upper) quadrants and right and left inferior (lower) quadrants. This division in based on drawing vertical and horizontal lines through the umbilicus ( Fig. 10.1 ). More specifically, the anterior abdominal wall can be divided into regions: the…

Subacromial Bursitis Injection Gray's Anatomy for Students: 64, 392 Netter: 192, 193 Clinical Application Provides relief for frequently inflamed bursa lying beneath the acromion near the supraspinatus tendon. Anatomic Landmarks ( Fig. IV.1 ) Anterior acromion Lateral acromion Posterior acromion Scapular spine Humeral head Acromioclavicular Joint Inspection Gray's Anatomy for Students: 35, 388, 398 Netter: 192, 193 Clinical Application Relieve pain from acromioclavicular joint irritation. Anatomic…

Atlas References Netter: 442–469 McMinn: 154–169 Gray's Atlas: 426–429, 440–456 Before You Begin Palpation Flex and extend your digits, noting the movements of the tendons beneath the skin. On the dorsal side of your hand, identify the tendons of the extensor digitorum muscle. At the flexor aspect of the palm, note the distal skin crease (crease between wrist and forearm), marking the proximal edge of the…

Atlas References Netter: 430–440, 463–469 McMinn: 148–153 Gray's Atlas: 424, 430–439, 457–459 Before You Begin Palpate the following bony landmarks on the cadaver or on yourself: Lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus Styloid process of the radius Head, styloid process, olecranon, and shaft of the ulna Carpal bones Getting Started o Continue the incision from the lateral side of the shoulder with a vertical incision…

Atlas References Netter: 405, 414, 419–424 McMinn: 138–145 Gray's Atlas: 384–419 Before You Begin Axillary Borders The pectoral region should have been dissected before the study of the axilla is begun. Refer to Chapter 4 for the regional anatomy of the pectoral region and breast. Review the following borders of the axilla: Anterior wall: Pectoralis major and minor muscles and clavipectoral fascia Posterior wall: Latissimus dorsi,…

Thoracentesis Gray's Anatomy for Students: 62, 78 Netter: 197 Clinical Application Introduce a needle or trocar into the intrathoracic cavity, creating a conduit to allow air (pneumothorax) to escape or to help remove fluid. Anatomic Landmarks Needle: 2nd intercostal space at midclavicular line Skin Subcutaneous External intercostal fascia/muscle Internal intercostal fascia/muscle Parietal pleura Tube: 5th intercostal space at midaxillary line Skin Subcutaneous tissue Inferior angle of…

Atlas References Netter: 216–230 McMinn: 185–191 Gray's Atlas: 92–107 Before You Begin Inspection Inspect the heart externally and identify the following: Right atrium Right auricle Superior vena cava (SVC) Inferior vena cava (IVC) Subpulmonary infundibulum or conus Pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left atrium Pulmonary veins Left auricle ( Figs. 6.1 to 6.4 ) Identify the sulcus terminalis, a shallow groove on the surface of the right…

Atlas References Netter: 212–217 McMinn: 182–184, 192–211 Gray's Atlas: 72–92, 108–119 Opening the Thoracic Cavity o With a scalpel, transect the intercostal muscles, serratus anterior muscle, and a portion of the external abdominal oblique muscle ( Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 ). o Make sure that you start your dissection above the emergence of the intercostobrachial nerve (T2) and then descend toward the midaxillary line. o With…

Atlas References Netter: 187–191, 194, 195, 258–260, 416, 418 McMinn: 126–129, 178–181 Gray's Atlas: 62–72, 394–396, 402 Skin and Superficial Fascia o Make an incision from the jugular notch over the clavicle to the shoulder ( Fig. 4.1a ). o Make a midline incision from the jugular notch to the xiphoid process ( Fig. 4.1b ). o Extend the incision across the border of the costal…

Lumbar Puncture Gray's Anatomy for Students: 44, 45, 48 Netter: 166–169 * * The Clinical Applications in each section are cross-referenced to the following sources: Drake: Gray's Anatomy for Students , ed 2, and Netter: Atlas of Human Anatomy , ed 7. Page references from each source are provided for procedures in the Clinical Applications. Clinical Application A lumbar puncture uses a spinal needle to access…

Atlas References Netter: 170, 174–178, 184 McMinn: 94–99, 104, 105 Gray's Atlas: 20–32, 36–42, 399, 400 Suboccipital Triangle o Make a midline skin incision from the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) to the external occipital protuberance ( Fig. 3.1 ). o At the level of the external occipital protuberance, make a horizontal skin incision connecting the right and left mastoid processes. o Reflect…

Atlas References * * NOTE: This dissection guide is cross-referenced to the following atlases: Netter, Atlas of Human Anatomy, ed 7 (Netter); McMinn's Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy , ed 7 (McMinn); and Gray's Atlas of Anatomy, ed 2 (Gray's). Page references from each atlas are provided at the beginning of 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10…

Using appropriate dissection laboratory materials and tools is essential in making the dissection of a cadaver as rewarding as possible. Many experienced dissectors have their favorite tools. Obtaining the following materials and dissection tools allows dissectors to care for their cadaver donor while acquiring experience and knowledge of a successful dissection. Although not comprehensive, this list provides appropriate tools to dissect a cadaver donor in the…