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Dance

Introduction Dance is an activity that can be found in most cultures dating back to ancient times. Dance is unique in its fusion of art and athletic activity. Dance can increase cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and bone mineral density. Classical ballet provides a foundation for other dance forms. Other popular forms of dance include contemporary (modern), jazz, street, tap, Irish, folk dance, and…

Cheerleading

Introduction November 2, 1898, is considered cheerleading’s official start date when the University of Minnesota organized a “yell leader” group of six male students for football games. By 1923, the University of Minnesota allowed women to participate in cheerleading, but female participation did not start to grow significantly until World War II. Popularity among women continued to grow in the latter half of the 20th century,…

Gymnastics

Introduction Disciplines: acrobatic, artistic, gymnastics for all, parkour, rhythmic, tumbling, and trampoline ( Tables 90.1 to 90.5 ) Olympic disciplines: artistic, rhythmic, trampoline Table 90.1 Acrobatic Gymnastics (Men and Women) Events Levels Women’s pairs Men’s pairs Mixed pairs Women’s group Men’s group Junior Olympic Elite Levels 1–10 Competitive levels: 2–10 Future Stars Junior Senior See . Table 90.2 Artistic Gymnastics Events Women’s Programs Vault Uneven…

Mixed Martial Arts

General Principles Overview The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) has grown tremendously in the last 20 years. Despite this incredible growth, consensus with respect to management of common injuries and proper ringside management of these athletes is lacking. Coverage of MMA events can be overwhelming without any basic understanding of either the sport or the ringside considerations for the evaluation and management of competitors. Other…

Wrestling

Acknowledgment The author would like to acknowledge the work of Aaron Monseau, MD, on the previous edition’s chapter. Introduction Wrestling is widely considered to be the world’s oldest sport, dating back to the ancient Greeks. It is a worldwide sport, with particular popularity in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and North America. Men’s wrestling was an original Olympic sport. Women’s wrestling was added to the…

Boxing

Introduction Boxing is one of the most ancient sports Marquis of Queensbury modified the rules in the early 1800s The 1904 St. Louis Olympic Games saw men’s boxing introduced as a competition sport and women’s boxing as an exhibition sport. Women’s boxing became an official sport at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Boxing is a medically, ethically, and morally controversial sport because of the nature of…

Martial Arts

Introduction Martial arts are bodies of codified practices or traditions of training for unarmed and armed combat, usually without the use of guns and other modern weapons. People study martial arts for various reasons, including improved fitness, self-realization (meditation), mental/character development, and self-defense. Epidemiology There are over 140 martial arts styles practiced worldwide. Participants Approximately 2–8 million participants in the United States The male-to-female ratio is…

Rowing

Introduction As a competitive sport, rowing dates back several hundred years and was an original sport in the modern Olympic Games. First intercollegiate sport in the United States; initial race held in 1852 (Harvard vs. Yale). With the adoption of Title IX regulations, the participation of women in collegiate rowing has surged, from roughly 1000 in 1981–1982 to approximately 7300 today, now surpassing males. General Principles…

Sailing

Introduction Understanding the sport of sailing and the wide variations in sailboat classes, events, equipment, crew positions, and physical demands is essential to caring for a sailing team. The sport has evolved from early yacht racing in England in the 1600s, to Olympic-level racing and now, worldwide extreme endurance sailing. The recent advent of high-tech sailboats capable of increasing speeds and rapid maneuvers is now causing…

Scuba Diving

General Principles Overview Diving includes multiple activities performed in an aquatic environment. Technology allows people to enjoy the underwater experience. An estimated 2.8–3 million US divers participate each year. People dive for various reasons, including new experience, unique environment and surroundings, new challenges, jobs, military duties, sport, and environmental awareness. Types of Diving Breath-hold diving (apnea, free, or skin diving) Snorkel is the main piece of…

Swimming And Diving

Swimming Introduction Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology At the international level, aquatic sports disciplines account for the second largest group of athletes at the Olympic Games and are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA). USA Swimming currently has over 400,000 registered athletes and 3100 clubs. US Masters Swimming consists of…

ICE Skating (Figure Skating and Speed Skating)

Figure Skating Introduction Figure skating is a sport that focuses on a unique combination of athleticism, strength, endurance, gracefulness, and artistry on ice. Today, over 203,000 members and 765 clubs are registered with US Figure Skating. General Principles History Began in the early 1800s; its name was derived from the complicated figures traced on the ice during its early years. Jumps and spins were introduced in…

ICE Hockey

Hockey Organization and Participation USA Hockey, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is the national governing body for ice hockey in the United States and the official representative of the US Olympic Committee and International Ice Hockey Federation. USA Hockey works in conjunction with the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). During 1968–1969, 3800 teams were registered with USA Hockey. During 1993–1994,…

Snowboarding

General Principles Overview Snowboarding was developed in the 1970s, popularized in the 1980s, and became an Olympic sport in 1998 and a Paralympic sport in 2014. Recreational and competitive snowboarding has evolved over the past 2 decades because of increased popularity, equipment development, and new disciplines. Snowboarders ride on slopes, terrain parks, and half-pipes shared with skiers at winter resorts, as well as in the backcountry.…

Cross-Country Skiing

General Principles Cross-country or Nordic skiing is multifaceted and can be pursued either as a simple recreational outdoor activity or a vigorous competitive endurance sport. Cross-country skiing serves as an excellent means to develop and maintain cardiovascular fitness; most large muscle groups of the upper and lower body are used in a smooth, rhythmic, low-impact manner. A recent prospective study showed association with reduction in all-cause…

Alpine Skiing

General Principles Background Alpine skiing is a popular sport worldwide, with approximately >200 million participants per year. High speeds, variable terrain, and weather conditions, combined with equipment, can create a significant opportunity for getting injured. Equipment changes have changed the nature of injuries, but with more recent studies showing some decline in injury rates. Lower extremity injuries are the most common, but upper extremity injuries are…

Tennis

General 17 million people in the United States participate in tennis at least once a year ( Fig. 76.1 ). 10 million people play tennis at least 10 times per year. 4.5 million youths play tennis annually. Epidemiology of Tennis Injuries Injuries to the lower extremity and spine account for 50%–75% of all tennis injuries. Elite players tend to have more injuries to the lower extremities…

Softball

Introduction First conceived as a way to play baseball indoors during months of harsh weather, softball has emerged over time as one of the most popular sports in the United States. Enjoyed by females and males of all ages and at all levels of competition, softball has proven itself distinct from its older cousin in terms of rules, biomechanical techniques, and injuries sustained during play. Incidence…

Baseball

General Overview Baseball, the great American pastime, was first described by Abner Doubleday in 1839. Shoulder and elbow problems became a familiar part of the game in the 1880s with the advent of overhand pitching. Although ballplayers suffer the usual sports-related strains and sprains, it is in understanding common shoulder and elbow throwing injuries that the baseball team physician is defined. Throwing Biomechanics And Associated Pathology…

Volleyball

Introduction Volleyball is a popular sport played worldwide both recreationally and professionally. Volleyball is a truly American game with origins back to the 1890s. Made its debut at the Olympic Games in 1964. It requires quick and explosive movements. Volleyball is considered a noncontact sport. Epidemiology Most injuries occur to blockers and hitters as opposed to passers and setters. Certain positions are associated with specific injuries…