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Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science that involves the simulation of intelligent behavior by computers. It is used to predict, automate, augment, and optimize tasks historically done by humans. To provide an overall view of some of the key terms and their relationships to each other, see eFig. G.1 (each will be discussed in this chapter). Early Visionaries Alan Turing Many consider Alan…

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y A Absent Bow-Tie Sign Accordion Sign Air Bronchogram Air Crescent Sign Angel-Wing (Bat-Wing) Pattern Angel-Wing Sign (Spinnaker Sail Sign) Anteater Sign Aortic Nipple Apple Core Sign Arcuate Sign B Bamboo Spine Banana Sign Bankart Fracture Bear Paw Sign Beveled Edge Sign Bird’s Beak…

It is difficult to imagine the level of excitement that was felt around the world soon after the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. For the first time ever, we could see inside the human body while the person was still alive and without the need for surgery. At the time, coverage in the press was unprecedented in scope and intensity for a scientific…

General Terminology Like politics, all terminology is local. Follow the terminology conventions used in your hospital or, alternatively, the person rendering your course grade, even if those conventions are different from what is described here. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Ionizing Radiation in Radiology Utilizing the modalities of conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT), and fluoroscopy, diagnostic images are produced using ionizing radiation. It is well known that radiation can also have harmful effects if used in excess or certain situations. All healthcare providers should understand the risks associated with radiation exposure and limit exposure when possible. Three Fates of Radiation During an Imaging Procedure Transmitted radiation…

This is a system for diagnosing cardiac disease in adults by asking a series of questions in a set fashion , the answers to which are certain fundamental observations made from the frontal chest radiograph alone. This system is for “adults only.” Infant hearts do not display many of the recognizable contours discussed here, so cardiovascular evaluation in infants depends much more on parameters like heart…

How it Works A radioactive isotope (radioisotope) is an unstable form of an element that emits radiation from its nucleus as it decays. Eventually, the end product is a stable, nonradioactive isotope of another element. Radioisotopes can be produced artificially, most frequently by neutron enrichment in a nuclear reactor or in a cyclotron, or may occur naturally. Naturally occurring radioisotopes include uranium and thorium. The vast…

Children differ physiologically from adults and are susceptible to abnormalities in development and maturation not seen in adults. They differ in anatomy (e.g., the thymus) and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This chapter will highlight some of the more common pediatric diseases associated with imaging findings. Case Quiz 27 Question This is a frontal view of the thorax and upper abdomen in…

Advances in neuroimaging have had a remarkable impact on the diagnosis and treatment of neurologic diseases ranging from earlier detection and treatment of stroke to a more timely diagnosis of dementia, from the rapid detection and treatment of cerebral aneurysms to the ability to diagnose multiple sclerosis after a single attack. Case Quiz 26 Question This is an image from an unenhanced head CT on a…

Abdominal Trauma The role of advanced imaging techniques deserves special mention in abdominal trauma. Radiology has made a significant impact on the lives of traumatized patients by distinguishing those patients who can be managed conservatively from those who need surgical or other interventions and by helping to direct the most appropriate intervention for those who need it. Case Quiz 25 Question This is a contrast-enhanced axial…

Trauma is the leading cause of death, hospitalization, and disability in Americans from the age of 1 year through age 45. The major imaging findings of chest trauma will be discussed in this chapter. Table 24.1 summarizes some of the traumatic injuries that are discussed in other chapters. Case Quiz 24 Question This is an image from an axial CT scan of the chest in a 31-year-old…

Recognizing an Acute Fracture Recognizing a fracture seems to hold a certain attraction for many. They are a favorite among those learning radiology, perhaps because of how common and seemingly straightforward they are. In this chapter we tell you how to recognize a fracture, describe it, name it, and avoid overlooking it. Case Quiz 23 Question This is a frontal view of the right shoulder in…

Back pain, particularly low back pain, is the leading cause of years lived with a disability worldwide, a measure reflecting the impact an illness has on quality of life. In 2017, studies estimated that at any given moment 577 million people were suffering with low back pain globally, making it the world’s leading cause of limitation of activity and absenteeism from work. Case Quiz 22 Question…

Conventional Radiography, CT, and MRI in Bone Imaging Most examinations of bone start with conventional radiographs obtained with at least two views exposed at a 90-degree angle to each other (called orthogonal views ) so as to localize abnormalities better and to visualize as much of the bone as possible ( Fig. 21.1 ). Still, conventional radiographs cannot visualize the entire circumference of a tubular bone and…