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Necrolytic migratory erythema

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) is a characteristic paraneoplastic cutaneous reaction classically associated with an underlying gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET), most commonly a pancreatic islet α-cell neoplasm. NME has also been associated with the pseudoglucagonoma syndrome (hyperglucagonemia…

Necrolytic acral erythema

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common bloodborne infections globally, with approximately 3% and 1% of the world and US adult population affected, respectively. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates…

Necrobiosis lipoidica

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a chronic cutaneous granulomatous condition with degenerative connective tissue changes. It is only seen in 1 in 300 diabetics but may be unassociated with glucose intolerance. NL may rarely be complicated by…

Nail psoriasis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Nail changes are reported in up to 50%–60% of psoriatic patients; among patients with psoriatic arthritis, the prevalence is even higher (80%). Isolated nail psoriasis is present instead in 5%–10% of psoriatic patients. Depending on the…

Myxoid cyst

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Myxoid cysts are also known as digital mucus cysts or pseudocysts and represent a ganglion of the distal interphalangeal joint. They arise in different forms in soft tissues, typically above or distal to the distal interphalangeal…

Myiasis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Myiasis is the infestation of human and animal tissue by the larval or pupal stages of two-winged true flies (Diptera), most commonly the Dermatobia hominis (botfly) and Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly). It is typically found in…

Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The disease is often limited to the skin, but may potentially involve the lymph nodes, blood, and viscera. Classically, the majority of patients…

Mycobacterial (atypical) skin infections

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) skin infections are being increasingly reported. Mycobacterium marinum and the rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), M. abscessus, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum , are the most common species in the United States.…

Mycetoma: Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Mycetomas (Madura foot) were added to the World Health Organization list of neglected diseases in 2016 and are endemic in the tropics and subtropics. They are chronic, granulomatous, subcutaneous infections caused by either actinomycetes bacteria or…

Mucous membrane pemphigoid

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), formerly called cicatricial pemphigoid (CP), is a heterogeneous group of chronic, acquired, autoimmune, subepidermal blistering diseases, with autoantibodies targeting different autoantigens. It is characterized by blistering and erosions of one or more…

Mucoceles

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Oral mucoceles fall into two categories: the mucous extravasation cyst and the mucous retention cyst. The mucous extravasation cyst describes a false cyst because the mucous extravasation cyst lacks an epithelial lining arising from the partially…

Morphea

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Morphea, or localized scleroderma, is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the skin and soft tissue. Morphea subtype classification includes linear, generalized, circumscribed (plaque), and mixed morphea. Linear morphea is most common in children while circumscribed…

Molluscum contagiosum

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Molluscum contagiosum (MC), a DNA poxvirus, is a cutaneous infection predominantly affecting children. Peak occurrence ranges from 2 to 5 years, with an estimated overall prevalence of 2.8% among children. The disease tends to occur in…

Miliaria

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Miliaria is a benign, transient disorder caused by occlusion and resultant injury in the eccrine duct or, rarely, by a primary dysfunction of the eccrine duct. It is subdivided into miliaria crystallina, miliaria rubra, and miliaria…

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria have developed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, such as methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin, and the cephalosporins, through horizontal gene transfer and natural selection. Although not necessarily more virulent than sensitive strains,…

Merkel cell carcinoma

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Introduction First described by Toker in 1972, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy of neuroendocrine origin with 2000–2500 cases diagnosed annually. MCC is most common in fair-skinned individuals over 70 years old.…

Melasma

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis that most commonly affects females of childbearing age, although males may also be affected. The condition can be classified according to the pattern of facial involvement, which includes centrofacial (forehead, cheeks,…

Mastocytoses

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image The mastocytoses are a group of disorders of clonal mast cell proliferation that may exhibit both cutaneous and systemic features. Clinical manifestations result from mast cell activation and from infiltration of various organs. The World Health…

Malignant melanoma

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Melanoma remains the leading cause of mortality among all cutaneous diseases in the United States. The national incidence of melanoma continues to increase, now to 1 per 4500 adults per year, with 96,480 new cases in…

Malignant atrophic papulosis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Atrophic papulosis, also known as Köhlmeier-Degos disease or Degos disease, is a rare occlusive vasculopathy for which treatment is challenging. Atrophic papulosis occurs in three distinct clinical contexts: malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP); benign atrophic papulosis (BAP);…