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Interface Between Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Illness

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Kidney disease confers increased risks for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), myocardial disease and heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, and valvular disease. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension (HTN), and increased longevity contribute to an expanding prevalence pool of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recognition of the stage of CKD is important in cardiology as it…

Neuromuscular Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Neurologic diseases often affect the heart and vascular system, and in many cases, cardiovascular disease limits life expectancy and reduces quality of life in these patients. As such, cardiologists are an integral part of the medical team evaluating and treating patients with primary neurologic disorders. In several disorders, the cardiovascular manifestations are responsible for a…

Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease

Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge Drs. Viola Vaccarino and J. Douglas Bremner, whose chapter on this topic in the prior edition of Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine served as the basis for the current chapter. Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Psychological stress and certain psychiatric disorders can have clinically significant cardiovascular (CV) effects. The CV consequences of…

Tumors Affecting the Cardiovascular System

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Cardiac masses frequently present significant diagnostic and therapeutic clinical challenges. In many cases, a cardiac mass is detected as an incidental finding and the resultant evaluation may culminate in the confirmation of a cardiac tumor; however, this is generally an uncommon event since other cardiac masses, including normal structures (particularly within the right atrium), thrombi,…

Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians The relationship between inflammatory rheumatic diseases and the cardiovascular system has long been recognized. As the treatment of these diseases has improved considerably over the last 30 years and increased survival, the importance and complexity of this interrelationship have achieved prominence. Indeed, we have entered an era in which established anti-rheumatic therapies are being trialed…

Endocrine Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians The endocrine system links tightly with many important cardiovascular diseases. As our understanding of the cellular and molecular effects of various hormones has evolved, we understand better the clinical manifestations that arise from excessive secretion of hormone and from glandular failure and subsequent hormone deficiency states. This chapter reviews the spectrum of cardiac disease states…

Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Hemostasis preserves vascular integrity by balancing the physiologic processes that maintain blood fluidity under normal circumstances and prevent excessive bleeding after vascular injury. Preservation of blood fluidity depends on an intact vascular endothelium and a complex series of regulatory pathways that maintain platelets in a quiescent state and keep the coagulation system in check. In…

Endemic and Pandemic Viral Illnesses and Cardiovascular Disease: Influenza and COVID-19

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Introduction Over the past decade appreciation has grown that viral diseases can affect the cardiovascular system and contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Influenza accounts for a substantial number of hospitalizations and deaths worldwide, and it has become increasingly evident that patients with CVD may have particular vulnerability to influenza-related complications and that influenza infection itself…

Heart Disease in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations

Acknowledgments The authors thank Mercedes Carnethon, coauthor of this chapter from the previous edition of Heart Disease , for her contributions. Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Heterogeneous Populations Cardiovascular Disease in Racial and Ethnic Groups According to the 2017 National Center for Health Statistics (NHIS), the burden of coronary heart diseases (CHDs) varies by racial…

Pregnancy and Heart Disease

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Pregnancy results in hemodynamic and hormonal stress, which increases the risk of complications in women with heart disease. Over the past few decades, the number of pregnancies in women with cardiovascular disease has grown due to increases in the population of young women surviving with pediatric heart disease, older maternal age, and a higher prevalence…

Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Acknowledgments This work was supported by contracts from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes, nos. N01-HV-68161, N01-HV-68162, N01-HV-68163, N01-HV-68164, grants U0164829, U01 HL649141, U01 HL649241, T32HL69751, 1R03AG032631 from the National Institute on Aging, GCRC grant MO1-RR00425 from the National Center for Research Resources and grants from the Gustavus and Louis Pfeiffer Research Foundation, Danville, NJ, The Women’s Guild of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,…

Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians The population of older adults is expanding throughout the world. In the United States the population age ≥65 years, barely 3 million total in 1900, has climbed to about 46 million and is expected to reach almost 84 million by 2050. The population age ≥85, only about 0.2% of the total in 1900, is anticipated…

Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiac Disease

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is prevalent in patients with cardiac diseases, contributing to a reduced quality of life, a reduced functional capacity, and poor health. SDB causes acute and chronic physiologic stressors that can exacerbate cardiac ischemia, reduce systolic and diastolic function, cause cardiac structural and electrical remodeling, and increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and…

Pulmonary Hypertension

Acknowledgments Dr. Maron would like to acknowledge Dr. Stuart Rich, who authored an earlier version of this chapter which inspired many young physicians and students including Dr. Maron to pursue pulmonary hypertension in clinical and research endeavors. Dr. Maron reports being a consultant for Actelion, and co-inventor on the following patents or patent application that are related to pulmonary hypertension (U.S. Patent #9,605,047; PCT/US2015/029672; Provisional ID:…

Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), comprising both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), contributes to substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. PE causes more than 100,000 deaths annually in the United States, and the death rate is increasing ( Fig. 87.1 ). Recently, there have been several advances in our understanding of these diseases and…

Pericardial Diseases

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians The pericardium is involved in a wide variety of diseases which result in some of the classic physical, imaging, and hemodynamic findings in cardiology. In this chapter we discuss the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium, acute and recurrent pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade, constrictive and effusive-constrictive pericarditis (ECP), and selected specific etiologies. , Anatomy…

Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Approximately 37,900,000 people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the end of 2018, and 1,700,000 had become newly infected that year. An estimated 23,300,000 people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART), up from 7,700,000 in 2010. The introduction of ART in 1996 and its increasingly widespread availability since then have…

Cardiomyopathies Induced by Drugs or Toxins

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Many natural and synthetic substances and environmental exposures may affect the heart adversely. Accordingly, it is important to understand the myriad ways in which these substances may influence the cardiovascular system. Many of these substances are used and abused by people throughout the world. With better understanding of the full extent of the pathophysiology of…

Catheter-Based Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in Adults

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Advances in surgical and medical care have led to rapid growth in the number and state of adults living with congenital heart disease (see Chapter 82 ). Consequently there has been an increase in the volume and variety of transcatheter interventional procedures applicable to adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients. ACHDs span a wide spectrum…

Congenital Heart Disease in the Adolescent and Adult

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians General Considerations The number of adults living with congenital heart disease (CHD) is growing faster than the number of children with CHD, and now is estimated to be at least 1.4 million adults in the United States alone. , At least 20% of these adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients have complex cardiovascular anatomy and…