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Miscellaneous Liver Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions

Abbreviations CK cytokeratin a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the prefix “CK” with “K.” (Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol . 2006;174:169–174.) CT computed tomography ERG ETS-related gene HHV-8 human herpesvirus 8 HMB human melanoma…

Liver Tumors of Childhood

Abbreviations AFP alpha fetoprotein ATRT atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor COG Children’s Oncology Group CT computed tomography E-HB epithelial hepatoblastoma EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transitional EpCAM epithelial cell adhesion molecule FGFR fibroblast growth factor receptor FLC fibrolamellar carcinoma FNH focal nodular hyperplasia GPOH German Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology HB hepatoblastoma HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HPF high-power field ICUD intermediate cell undifferentiated IGF-II insulin-like growth factor II IH infantile hemangioma…

Benign and Malignant Tumors of Bile Ducts

Abbreviations CA cancer antigen CC cholangiocarcinoma CEA carcinoembryonic antigen CT computed tomography HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCC-CC hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma ICC intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma IPMN intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm IPNB intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile duct K a keratin a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the prefix “CK” with “K.” (Schweizer…

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abbreviations AFB1 aflatoxin B1 AFP alpha fetoprotein CEA carcinoembryonic antigen DN dysplastic nodule FL-HCC fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma GPC3 glypican 3 HBV hepatitis B virus HCA hepatocellular adenoma HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCV hepatitis C virus HepPar-1 hepatocyte paraffin-1 K keratin a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the…

Benign Hepatocellular Tumors

Abbreviations ANGPT angiopoietin b-HCA β-catenin–activated HCA b-IHCA β-catenin–activated inflammatory HCA CEUS contrast-enhanced ultrasound CRP C-reactive protein FNH focal nodular hyperplasia GS glutamine synthetase H&E hematoxylin and eosin HBP hepatobiliary phase HCA hepatocellular adenoma HCC hepatocellular carcinoma H-HCA HNF1α-inactivated HCA HNF1α hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha IHCA inflammatory HCA IL-6 interleukin-6 LFABP liver fatty acid binding protein MODY3 maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 3 MRI magnetic…

Premalignant and Early Malignant Hepatocellular Lesions in Chronic Hepatitis/Cirrhosis

Abbreviations AASLD American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases AFP alpha-fetoprotein APASL Asian Pacific Association for Studies of the Liver CT computed tomography CHC clathrin heavy chain DF dysplastic foci DN dysplastic nodule EASL European Association for the Study of the Liver eHCC early hepatocellular carcinoma e/WD HCC early, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma EZH2 enhancer of zeste homolog 2 H&E hemotoxylin and eosin HBV hepatitis B…

Vascular Disorders of the Liver

Abbreviations DIC disseminated intravascular coagulopathy EHPVO extrahepatic portal vein obstruction GSTM1 glutathione S-transferase M1 gene HELLP hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets MRI magnetic resonance imaging NRH nodular regenerative hyperplasia SAAG serum-ascites albumin gradient VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor The liver receives blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery, which supply 70% and 30%, respectively, of the total hepatic blood flow. Blood from both…

Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Molecular Physiology of Bile Formation and Secretion Marwan Ghabril, MD Bile is ubiquitous to almost all known vertebrate species. It is a complex aqueous but lipid rich solution composed of water, electrolytes, and a number of organic molecules including bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments (eg, bilirubin), and phospholipids. Bile is produced by the liver and flows through the biliary tract into the small intestine where bile acids…

Loss of Intrahepatic Bile Ducts

Abbreviations GSC Glucksberg-Seattle criteria GVHD graft-versus-host disease HCT hemopoietic cell transplantation HSCT hemopoietic stem cell transplantation IBMTR International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry K a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the prefix “CK” with “K.” (Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian…

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIH autoimmune hepatitis ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase AMA antimitochondrial antibody AST aspartate aminotransferase ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase HLA human leukocyte antigen IBD inflammatory bowel disease IgG immunoglobulin G IgM immunoglobulin M K a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with…

Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Abbreviations AIH autoimmune hepatitis ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase AMA antimitochondrial antibody ANA antinuclear antibody AST aspartate aminotransferase K a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the prefix “CK” with “K.” (Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J…

Fibrocystic Liver Diseases

Abbreviations ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ADPLD autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease CD Caroli disease CHF congenital hepatic fibrosis K a a Although the prefix CK is widely used in surgical pathology to designate human cytokeratins, consensus nomenclature recommends the replacement of “cytokeratin” with “keratin” and the prefix “CK” with “K.” (Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al.…

Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease

Abbreviations AHHS alcoholic hepatitis histological score ALD alcoholic liver disease ALT alanine aminotransferase AASLD american association for the study of liver diseases AST aspartate aminotransferase GGT gamma glutamyl transpeptidase GH genetic hemochromatosis K keratin HCC hepatocellular carcinoma MCV mean corpuscular volume MELD model for end-stage liver disease NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis SAA serum amyloid A TE transient elastography Alcohol has been widely…

Liver Injury Due to Drugs and Herbal Agents

Abbreviations ALT alanine aminotransferase AST aspartate aminotransferase CDER Center for Drug Evaluation and Research CDS clinical diagnostic scale DILIN Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms FDA United States Food and Drug Administration HLA human leukocyte antigen NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAT2 N-acetyltransferase-2 NRH nodular regenerative hyperplasia PAS periodic acid–Schiff PBC primary biliary cholangitis PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis RUCAM Roussel…

Metabolism of Drugs and Xenobiotics

Abbreviations ABC adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–binding cassette ATP adenosine triphosphate AUC area under curve C max maximum plasma concentration CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes DILI drug-induced liver injury GST glutathione transferase NAT N -acetyltransferase SLC solute carrier SLT Shiga-like toxin SNP single-nucleotide polymorphisms TPMT thiopurine methyltransferase UDP uridine 5′-diphosphate The majority of drugs and xenobiotics (foreign compounds) that enter the systemic circulation undergo biotransformation to more water soluble…

Autoimmune Hepatitis and Overlap Syndromes

Abbreviations AIH autoimmune hepatitis AIH-PBC autoimmune hepatitis–primary biliary cholangitis AIH-PSC autoimmune hepatitis–primary sclerosing cholangitis ALT alanine aminotransferase ANA antinuclear antibodies AST serum asparate ASMA antismooth muscle antibodies GGT gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase HLA human leukocyte antigen IgG immunoglobulin G LKM1 liver-kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies PBC primary biliary cholangitis PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis Definitions and Synonyms Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive, immune-mediated inflammatory liver disease characterized by…

Hepatic Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects the lungs and lymphoid tissues of the body. The term sarcoidosis stems from a case report by a Norwegian dermatologist, Caesar Boeck, who in describing “multiple benign sarkoid of the skin” coined the term for skin lesions that resembled sarcoma but were benign. Sarcoid liver disease was first described in detail by Maddrey and…

Hepatic Granulomas: Differential Diagnosis

Abbreviations CMV cytomegalovirus EBV Epstein-Barr virus HIV human immunodeficiency virus MAI Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare PAS periodic acid–Schiff PCR polymerase chain reaction TB tuberculosis A granuloma is a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of a microscopic aggregation of epithelioid macrophages with or without the participation of other cell types ( Fig. 19.1 ). Granulomas are found in 2% to 15% of routine liver biopsies, and are a constant…

Nonviral Infections of the Liver

Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy HIV human immunodeficiency virus HTLV-I human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus I MRDT malaria rapid diagnostic test OPN osteopontin PCR polymerase chain reaction SEA soluble egg antigens Th 1 T helper cell 1 Th 2 T helper cell 2 VL visceral leishmaniasis Hepatic dysfunction, presenting either as a hepatitic or as a cholestatic process,…

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of the Liver

Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ATP adenosine triphosphate CKS classic Kaposi sarcoma CMV cytomegalovirus EBV Epstein-Barr virus ERCP endoscopic retrograde pancreatography ETC electron transport chain H&E hematoxylin and eosin [stain] HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy HBV hepatitis B virus HCV hepatitis C virus HHV-8 human herpesvirus 8 HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLH hemophagocyte lymphohistiocytosis IFN interferon KS Kaposi sarcoma MAC Mycobacterium avium complex NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis…