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Adenosis

Definition Adenosis of the prostate is a pseudoneoplastic lesion, usually in the transition zone, that can mimic prostate adenocarcinoma and consists of a proliferation of crowded glands, arranged in a nodule but without significant cytologic atypia. A synonym is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

Partial atrophy

Definition A benign lesion of the prostate composed of pale glands lined by epithelial cells with dense to vesicular crinkled nuclei and a scant amount of pale to clear cytoplasm, with the nuclei often touching the apical cytoplasmic borders. It is one of the commonest benign mimics of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Clinical features Epidemiology Affects adult men of older age groups. You’re Reading a Preview Become a…

Postatrophy hyperplasia

Definition Morphologically distinct subtype of focal atrophy Also known as post atrophic hyperplasia Clinical features Epidemiology Present in a minority of prostatic needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens Typically occurs in the elderly; uncommon in young men You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Cystic atrophy

Definition A distinct form of glandular atrophy characterized by cystically dilated glands with sharp luminal borders. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Simple atrophy

Definition Small, benign glands arranged in nests with reduced cytoplasmic volume in luminal epithelial cells. Simple atrophy maintains relatively normal glandular spacing and reduced luminal diameter. Clinical features Epidemiology Typically affects the elderly with the prevalence and extent of gland involvement increasing with age; however, it has been reported in at least 70% of men aged 19–29 years. Frequent finding in men on androgen deprivation therapy.…

Prostatic xanthoma

Definition Aggregate of lipid-laden histiocytes found within the prostatic stroma. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Post-biopsy granuloma

Definition Granulomatous inflammatory response seen after transurethral resection or needle core biopsy of the prostate gland. Clinical features Epidemiology Seen in men undergoing repeat transurethral resection (TUR). Rarely can be seen after prostate needle biopsy. Less than 1% of benign prostate specimens contain granulomata, with post-biopsy granulomatous inflammation comprising approximately one-quarter of these lesions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis

Definition Mixed inflammatory response owing to extravasated prostatic fluid, bacterial toxins, and cell debris. Clinical features Epidemiology Most commonly seen in the fifth and sixth decades. Present in 0.5%–3.4% of prostate specimens, and accounts for approximately two-thirds of all granulomatous processes of the prostate. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

Chronic inflammation of the prostate

Definition Presence of chronic inflammatory cells in the prostate tissue, with or without clinical symptoms. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acute inflammation of the prostate

Definition Presence of acute inflammatory cells in the prostate tissue, with or without clinical symptoms. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Definition Nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) consists of a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate because of overgrowth of the epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the transition zone and periurethral area. It occurs commonly in men after 50 years of age, sometimes leading to compression of the urethra and obstruction of the flow of urine. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

Cowper gland

Definition Also called bulbourethral gland; paired, pea-shaped, small exocrine glands in males, homologous to Bartholin’s glands in females. Deeply located posterolateral to the membranous (or bulbous) urethra in the urogenital diaphragm. Lobular pattern of dimorphic population of mucinous acini and excretory ducts. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

Seminal vesicle/ejaculatory duct

Definition The seminal vesicles are a pair of male sex accessory glands posterolateral to the base of the urinary bladder. The excretory duct of the seminal vesicle and ampulla of the vas deferens join to form the bilateral ejaculatory ducts, which converge and open into the prostatic urethra at the verumontanum. The seminal vesicle-ejaculatory duct develops from the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct. You’re Reading a Preview Become…

Anatomy and histology of the prostate

Definition In an adult man, the prostate gland is shaped like an inverted cone, with the base at the bladder neck and the apex at the urogenital diaphragm. It weighs 30–40 g. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Adrenal Glands

Embryology and Normal Gross Anatomy Adrenal Cortex The primordium of the adrenal cortex becomes evident at Carnegie stage 14 (~ 5 to 7 mm and 32 days), just lateral to the base of the dorsal mesentery near the cranial end of the mesonephros. The adrenal cortical primordia are of mesodermal origin and, during development in the late embryo and fetus, the portion of the developing cortex…

Penis and Scrotum

Penis Normal Anatomy and Histology The penis consists of three portions: the root, the body, and the glans. The root lies in the superficial perineal pouch and provides fixation and stability. The body constitutes the major part of the penis and is composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissues: the paired corpora cavernosa and the single corpus spongiosum. The two cavernous bodies lie on the…

Spermatic Cord and Testicular Adnexa

Introduction The paratesticular region includes the testicular tunics, efferent ductules, epididymis, spermatic cord, and vas deferens. Most studies of paratesticular region pathology include the rete testis despite its intratesticular location. Numerous rare and interesting lesions arise in this region, including cysts, “celes,” inflammatory diseases, embryonic remnants, neoplasms, and neoplasm-like proliferations ( Table 14.1 ). In children, one of the common neoplasms is paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. In adults…

Neoplasms of the Testis

Although weighing only about 19 grams, the testis is responsible for a complex array of neoplasms. The rapidly proliferating spermatogenic cells give rise to the majority of testicular tumors, 95% of which are of germ cell derivation. Most are malignant and usually occur in young men, but they can be cured by current therapies; therefore accurate diagnosis is essential. The supporting cells and interstitial cells of…

Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Testis

Embryology and Anatomy of the Testis Embryology Development of the Testis Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Sex Determination and Testicular Differentiation Sexual differentiation is the result of complex genetic and endocrine mechanisms that are closely associated with the development of both the genitourinary system and the adrenal glands. Formation of the bipotential gonad—and subsequently the testis or the ovary—depends on gene expression in both sex and autosomal…