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Basic structure and function of cells

Cell Structure General characteristics of cells The shapes of mammalian cells vary widely depending on their interactions with each other, their extracellular environment and internal structures. Their surfaces are often highly folded when absorptive or transport functions take place across their boundaries. Cell size is limited by rates of diffusion, either that of material entering or leaving cells, or that of diffusion within them. Movement of…

Systemic review

Skeleton A from the front B from behind The left forearm is in the position of supination, the right in pronation in A. 1 Skull 2 Mandible 3 Hyoid bone 4 Cervical vertebrae 5 Clavicle 6 Sternum 7 Costal arch cartilages 8 Ribs 9 Scapula 10 Humerus 11 Radius 12 Ulna 13 Carpal bones 14 Metacarpal bones 15 Phalanges of thumb and fingers 16 Thoracic vertebrae…

Lymphatics

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Lymphatic system Phase 1 images are taken on day one and best show the vessels whereas phase 2 are taken at about 48 hours and best image the lymph nodes. A Thymus lying in the superior and anterior mediastinum as seen through a split-sternal approach The palatine tonsils (commonly referred…

Lower limb

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Lower limb A surface anatomy, from the front B dissection, from the front C dissection, from behind D dissection, from the lateral side E skeleton, from the lateral side 1 Adductors 2 Biceps femoris 3 Calcaneus 4 Femur 5 Fibula 6 Gastrocnemius 7 Gluteus maximus 8 Hamstrings 9 Hip bone…

Abdomen and pelvis

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image A Anterior abdominal wall surface markings, above the umbilicus The solid white line indicates the costal margin. The blue line indicates the transpyloric plane. The C-shaped duodenum is outlined in pink, the kidneys and liver in brown and the pancreas in pale green. 1 Aortic opening in diaphragm 2 Apex…

Thorax

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Thorax A surface anatomy, from the front B axial skeleton, from behind C axial skeleton, from the front (vertebral column and thoracic cage) 1 Acromion 2 Clavicle 3 Costal margin 4 Deltopectoral groove 5 Manubrium 6 Rib 7 Second rib 8 Sternal body 9 Suprasternal jugular notch 10 Thoracic vertebra,…

Upper limb

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Upper limb A surface anatomy B muscles C bones 1 Arm 2 Deltoid 3 Elbow joint 4 Forearm 5 Hand 6 Interphalangeal joint 7 Scapula 8 Shoulder joint 9 Wrist joint Left scapula A dorsal surface B costal surface 1 Acromial angle 2 Acromion 3 Coracoid process 4 Inferior angle…

Vertebral column and spinal cord

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Back and vertebral column A surface anatomy B axial skeleton C vertebral column 1 Atlas vertebra 2 Axis vertebra 3 Cervical vertebrae, lordosis 4 Coccyx 5 Lumbar vertebrae, lordosis 6 Sacrum 7 Thoracic vertebrae, kyphosis Back and shoulder A surface anatomy B muscles 1 Coccyx 2 Deltoid 3 External oblique…

Head, neck and brain

Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Skull from the front 1 Anterior nasal spine 2 Body of mandible 3 Frontal bone 4 Frontal notch 5 Frontal process of maxilla 6 Glabella 7 Greater wing of sphenoid bone 8 Infra-orbital foramen 9 Infra-orbital margin 10 Inferior nasal concha 11 Inferior orbital fissure 12 Lacrimal bone 13 Lesser…

Resources for the Hematologist: Interpretive Comments and Selected Reference Values for Neonatal, Pediatric, and Adult Populations

Appendix Contents Red Blood Cell Testing Estimated Blood Volumes (Plasma Volume and Red Blood Cell Mass) Complete Blood Count (Red Blood Cell) Parameters Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Reticulocyte Count (Absolute and Percentage) Immature Reticulocyte Fraction Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent Haptoglobin Plasma Hemoglobin Hemoglobin F and Hemoglobin A2 Sickle Cell Screen (Hemoglobin S Solubility Test) Ferritin Total Iron-Binding Capacity, Transferrin Saturation Iron Erythropoietin Folate (RBC or Serum/Plasma)…

Onco-Cardiology: Focus on Cardiac Complications of Hematologic Treatments

Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy for hematological malignancies has improved cancer survivorship over the past few decades. However, cardiovascular disease is a prominent cause of death in many cancer survivors, with emerging cardiotoxicity from cancer therapies being a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality of this population. Onco-cardiology as a subspecialty of cardiology that seeks to identify, prevent, diagnose and manage the cardiovascular complications…

Aging and Hematologic Disorders

The population is aging, and it is estimated more than 23.4% of the population in the United States will be older than 65 years by 2060. Many hematologic disorders, including anemia and hematologic malignancies such as myelodysplastic disorders, myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma, and certain types of lymphoma, are more common with aging. Compared with younger adults, older adults…

The Spleen and Its Disorders

Galen described the spleen as the “organ of mystery,” with functions related to mood and good or ill humors. It was not until the 18th century that the spleen’s relationship to the immune and hematologic systems was appreciated. The complexities and multiplicity of splenic function continue to be the focus of research and observation. Although many of its functions overlap with, or can be assumed by…

Hematologic Problems in the Surgical Patient: Bleeding and Thrombosis

The management of hematological issues in surgical patients can be challenging due to myriad factors. Bleeding and thrombotic issues may be present concurrently, and the impact of underlying pathological issues may be masked by the primary pathology warranting surgery. Nevertheless, the role of the hematologist in the management of these patients is to aid patients with a history of bleeding or thrombosis. This chapter will review:…

Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases

Parasitic diseases are not common in medical, let alone hematologic, practice in North America or Europe. However, much of the world’s population is infected by and becomes symptomatic as a result of a plethora of parasites, and many of these infections represent global public health problems. Although, some significant parasitic diseases are transmitted in temperate climates, the majority of parasites of significance to human health are…

Hematologic Findings And Consequences Of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) Infection

At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to a cluster of infections in Wuhan. China. The disease caused by this virus was designated as coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 spread globally and went on to infect millions of people on all continents except Antarctica, causing an unprecedented global impact. As of February 2021,…

Hematologic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a number of hematologic complications throughout the course of the disease. To a certain extent, these complications depend on the stage of the disease and how well controlled HIV infection is but to a certain extent it does not. In untreated infection, the major hematologic complications were cytopenias, either isolated or multiple simultaneously. As combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)…

Hematologic Manifestations of Solid Tumors

Hematologic abnormalities are commonly seen among patients with malignancy. These derangements range from the incidental to the life-threatening and may complicate management or prompt the initiation of additional or alternative therapies. Hematologic abnormalities can be seen as the initial manifestation of cancer, providing a crucial diagnostic clue. In addition, the hematologic aspects of cancer, and the therapies that we use to treat these irregularities, can provide…

Hematologic Manifestations of End-Organ Failure

The hematologic system is intricately connected to other vital organs. There are multiple pathways that affect the red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells, platelets, and hemostasis. This chapter will discuss the hematologic abnormalities encountered in liver disease, renal disease, splenic dysfunction, heart failure, respiratory disease, and endocrinopathies. For further details about the individual blood systems affected, the reader should refer to the specific chapters dealing…