See also Individual agents General information Proton pump inhibitors inhibit the H + /K + -ATPase (proton pump) in oxyntic cells of the stomach, the final common pathway in the secretion of gastric acid in response to a variety of stimuli, such as gastrin and histamine. Their use in acid-related disorders has been extensively reviewed [ ]. General adverse effects and adverse reactions The adverse reactions…

General information Protirelin is a synthetic tripeptide that stimulates the hypophyseal secretion of thyrotrophin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH). It is used mainly for diagnostic purposes in dynamic tests of pituitary and hypothalamic function, but its use in the assessment of hyperthyroidism has been superseded by sensitive assays of thyrotrophin [ ]. Protirelin has neurotransmitter properties and has been used to treat a variety of neurological disorders, including…

See also Coagulation proteins ; Drotrecogin General information Prothrombin complex products contain constant amounts of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, bypassing the need for factor VIII in the clotting cascade. They are used to reverse the effects of oral anticoagulants (for example during surgery or bleeding episodes) [ ] and to treat bleeding episodes in hemophiliacs with inhibitors of factor VIII [ ]. Prothrombin…

General information In addition to their natural occurrence, for example in cow’s milk, protein hydrolysates are added to hair-care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, and are supposed to “repair” damaged hair. Hydrolysed proteins are also used in other body-care products, for example soaps, bath gels, and creams. They are also used in sports drinks, which contain mostly dipeptides and tripeptides [ ]. You’re Reading a…

General information Protamine, derived from salmon sperm, combines with and neutralizes heparin through an acid–base interaction. It is used to treat heparin toxicity but more commonly to reverse the effects of heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass. It is most commonly used as the sulfate, but chloride and hydrochloride salts are also occasionally used. Protamine has been used to produce a derivative of insulin, which is relatively insoluble,…

General information Eicosanoids are the oxygenated metabolites of 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids found in the phospholipids of cell membranes (Greek eikosi = 20). The eicosanoids include the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Precursor fatty acids include arachidonic acid C20:4n − 6 (for 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxane and 4-series leukotrienes), dihomogammalinolenic acid C20:3n − 6 (for PGE 1 ), and eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5n − 3 (for 3-series prostaglandins…

See also Aminophenazone (amidopyrine) ; Phenazone (antipyrine) General information Propyphenazone is a pyrazolone derivative that has been incorporated into many over-the-counter analgesic combinations in many countries. There is no evidence that it causes fewer adverse reactions than phenazone (antipyrine), as was originally supposed, since neither compound has been widely studied alone. In a systematic review of comparisons of Saridon (propyphenazone 150 mg + paracetamol 250 mg…

General information Propylhexedrine is a cycloalkylamine that is structurally similar to metamfetamine and causes release of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5HT from presynaptic vesicles. However, its effects on the brain require high doses and its main action is as an α- and β-adrenoceptor agonist, causing vasoconstriction. It has been used to treat obesity [ ] and in the form of the volatile base is used in nasal…

See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Propranolol is a lipophilic, non-selective, pure antagonist at beta-adrenoceptors, with membrane-stabilizing action. Organs and systems Cardiovascular An unusual dysrhythmia has been attributed to propranolol: alternating sinus rhythm with intermittent sinoatrial block. The authors suggested that this was accounted for by the existence of sinoatrial conduction via two pathways, the first with 2:1 block and the second with a slightly longer…

General information Propofol is a short-acting intravenous induction agent, used in general anesthesia and by infusion in intensive care units. Its rapid onset of action, short half-life, and favorable recovery characteristics make it particularly suitable for day procedures. It is often used in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Recovery from anesthetic doses compares favorably with recovery after enflurane and isoflurane [ ]. A review of the literature has shown…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Propiverine is an anticholinergic drug, used mainly for its effects on the bladder. It is effective in detrusor hyper-reflexia and in patients with symptoms of an overactive bladder. Adverse reactions effects occur in about 13% of patients [ ]. In a retrospective study in 74 children and adolescents with neurogenic detrusor overactivity, propiverine caused typical anticholinergic adverse reactions (dizziness and…

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See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Propiomazine is a phenothiazine [ ], which has been used as a hypnotic [ ], as a sedative in anesthesia [ ], and in obstetric analgesia [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Propantheline is an anticholinergic drug. Oral doses are 7.5–30 mg, the latter being used at bedtime; injections of 15 mg have been used in radiology. The persisting doubt as to the incidence of adverse reactions probably reflects the poor and variable systemic availability of the oral form, which also seems to account for conflicting reports about its efficacy. All typical…

See also Polyoxylated castor oil General information Propanidid was used as an intravenous anesthetic for rapid induction and for maintenance of general anesthesia of short duration. However, it was withdrawn because of safety considerations regarding the solvent used, polyoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

General information Propafenone is both a class I antidysrhythmic drug and a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Its pharmacological effects, clinical pharmacology, therapeutic uses, adverse reactions, and interactions have been reviewed [ ]. The main adverse reactions to propafenone are cardiovascular (27%), central nervous (21%), and gastrointestinal (20%) [ ]. Other adverse reactions occur in under 6% of cases. The average risk of non-cardiac reactions is around 14%. The…

See also Antihistamines General information Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine, and can cause sedation and impaired psychomotor activity [ , ]. Organs and systems Nervous system Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has been associated with promethazine [ ]. A 42-year-old man took promethazine 50 mg every 4–6 hours for 2 days and developed hyperthermia (42.4 °C). He died 3 days later despite intensive care and treatment with bromocriptine.…

See also Amphetamines General information Prolintane, an amfetamine-related substance, is a central nervous system stimulant with similar structure and properties to dexamfetamine. Prolintane hydrochloride is available mainly in many formulations with multivitamin supplements in many European countries, Australia, and South Africa. It has been used to treat fatigue [ ]. Organs and systems Nervous system Adverse reactions to prolintane include insomnia, nervousness, irritability, euphoria, headache, dizziness,…

General information Proguanil is one of the antimalarial drugs most widely used for prophylactic purposes, usually in combination with chloroquine or atovaquone in malaria prophylaxis, and with atovaquone in malaria treatment [ ]. A biguanide, it is rapidly absorbed in standard doses and mainly excreted by the kidneys. Its antimalarial effect is due to its metabolite cycloguanil. However, its metabolism varies individually, and this is reflected…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Proglumetacin, an indoleacetic acid derivative, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and can cause gastrointestinal adverse reactions: in different trials 18–41% of patients had adverse reactions, although not to the extent that they interfered with treatment. Indeed, some comparisons of proglumetacin with indometacin and oxyphenbutazone have shown that it is equally effective and usually better tolerated [ ]. You’re…