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Shoulder Dystocia

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Abdominal diameter-biparietal diameter difference AD-BPD Defining Shoulder Dystocia In a normal delivery, after expulsion of the fetal head, external rotation occurs, returning the head to a right angle position in relation to the shoulder girdle. During descent, the fetal shoulders are normally in an oblique pelvic diameter. After expulsion and restitution, the anterior fetal shoulder should emerge from the oblique…

Operative Vaginal Delivery

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Anteroposterior AP Biparietal diameter BPD Body mass index BMI Confidence interval CI Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC Food and Drug Administration FDA Intelligence quotient IQ Intracranial hemorrhage ICH Left occiput anterior LOA Left occiput posterior LOP Neonatal intensive care unit NICU Occiput anterior OA Occiput posterior OP Occiput transverse OT Odds ratio OR Randomized…

Induction of Labor

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Confidence interval CI Electronic fetal monitoring EFM Hazard ratio HR Hemolysis/elevated liver enzymes/low platelets HELLP Induction of labor IOL Intrauterine growth restriction IUGR National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD Neonatal intensive care unit NICU Odds ratio OR Premature rupture of membranes PROM Prostaglandin PG Prostaglandin E 1 (misoprostol) PGE1 Prostaglandin…

Normal Labor and Delivery

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American Academy of Pediatrics AAP American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Body mass index BMI California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative CMQCC Cephalopelvic disproportion CPD Cervical length CL Computed tomography CT Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS Fetal heart rate FHR Intrauterine pressure catheter IUPC Intraventricular hemorrhage IVH Left occiput anterior LOA Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Montevideo unit MVU Normal saline NS Occiput…

Genetic Screening and Diagnosis

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Acetylcholinesterase AchE α-fetoprotein AFP American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics ACMG American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Assisted reproductive technology ART Cell-free DNA cfDNA Chorionic villus sampling CVS Chromosomal microarray CMA Comparative genomic hybridization CGH Confidence interval CI Confined placental mosaicism CPM Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens CBAVD Copy number variant CNV Cystic fibrosis CF Deoxyribonucleic…

Obstetric Ultrasound: Imaging, Dating, Growth, and Anomaly

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Abdominal circumference AC American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine AIUM Amniotic fluid index AFI As low as reasonably achievable ALARA Biparietal diameter BPD Congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation CPAM Crown-rump length CRL Current procedural terminology CPT Estimated date of delivery EDD Estimated fetal weight EFW Expected date of confinement EDC Food and Drug Administration…

Substance Use Disorder in Pregnancy

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG American Society of Addiction Medicine ASAM Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test ASSIST γ-Aminobutyric acid GABA National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH Opioid use disorder OUD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment SBIRT Substance use…

Drugs and Environmental Agents in Pregnancy and Lactation: Teratology, Epidemiology, and Patient Management

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE Antiepileptic drug AED Birth defect monitoring system BDMS Dalton Da Diethylstilbestrol DES Electroencephalogram EEG Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Food and Drug Administration FDA Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD Low-molecular-weight heparin LMWH Maternal outcomes and neurodevelopmental effects of antiepileptic drugs MONEAD Neural tube defect NTD Over the counter OTC Propylthiouracil PTU Saturated solution of potassium iodide SSKI Sudden infant death…

Nutrition During Pregnancy

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Body mass index BMI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Dietary reference intakes DRI Docosahexaenoic acid DHA Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA Food and Drug Administration FDA Institute of Medicine IOM Neural tube defect NTD Polyunsaturated fatty acid PUFA Recommended daily allowance RDA Resting metabolic rate RMR Small for gestational age SGA Thermic effect…

Preconception and Prenatal Care

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Adjusted odds ratio aOR Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Artificial reproductive technology ART Azidothymidine AZT Bisphenol A BPA Body mass index BMI Casarean delivery CD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Confidence intervals CI Cytomegalovirus CMV Electronic medical record EMR Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Group B Streptococcus GBS Human chorionic gonadotropin…

Maternal-Fetal Immunology

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Antigen presenting cells APC B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family BAFF B-cell receptor BCR CC receptor CCR CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 CCL5 cGMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes cGAS-STING CXC receptor CXCR Decidual natural killer dNK Dendritic cells DC Fas ligand FasL Graft-versus-host disease GVHD Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Human immunodeficiency virus HIV Human leukocyte antigen…

Maternal Physiology

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Activated protein C APC Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Alanine aminotransferase ALT Arginine vasopressin AVP Aspartate aminotransferase AST Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP Blood pressure BP Blood urea nitrogen BUN Body mass index BMI Brain natriuretic peptide BNP Cardiac output CO Colloidal oncotic pressure COP Corticosteroid-binding globulin CBG Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH Deoxycorticosterone DOC Forced expiratory volume in 1 second FEV 1 Forced vital…

Fetal Development, Physiology, and Effects on Long-Term Health

Open full size image Key Abbreviations 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate 2,3-DPG α-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone α-MSH Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Angiotensin II AII Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE Arginine vasopressin AVP Atrial natriuretic factor ANF Bisphenol A BPA Carbon dioxide CO 2 Combined ventricular output CVO Corticotrophin-releasing factor CRF Corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide CLIP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP Epidermal growth factor EGF Epidermal growth factor receptor EGF-R Glomerular filtration rate GFR Insulin-like growth factor…

Placental Anatomy and Physiology

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Adenosine diphosphate ADP Adenosine monophosphate AMP Adenosine triphosphate ATP α-fetoprotein AFP Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS Exocoelomic cavity ECC Epidermal growth factor EGF Glucose transporter 1 GLUT1 Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor GM-CSF Guanosine monophosphate GMP Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA Major histocompatibility complex class I C antigen HLA-C Human placental lactogen hPL Insulin-like growth factor IGF…

Improving Global Maternal Health: Challenges and Opportunities

Key Points Every day, 800 women die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, and an additional 16,000 develop severe and long-lasting complications. Every day, 8000 newborn infants die and 7000 are stillborn, and more than half of these deaths are from maternal complications. Adolescent pregnancies account for 11% of all births worldwide, and these young girls and their infants are at far higher risk of…

Ethical and Legal Issues in Perinatology

Key Points In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court determined that a fundamental “right to privacy existed in the Fourteenth Amendment’s concept of personal liberty” that is “broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate a pregnancy” before fetal viability without state interference. In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the “core” of…

Patient Safety and Quality Measurement in Obstetric Care

Key Points A proportion of adverse obstetric events have been shown to be preventable; this proportion varies with the clinical circumstances. Although multiple factors have been associated with the occurrence of adverse obstetric events, issues with communication have been implicated as a frequent contributor. Specific approaches that have been considered to enhance obstetric patient safety include checklists and protocols, simulation, and teamwork training. Further investigation is…