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Stillbirth

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Advanced maternal age AMA Antiphospholipid syndrome APS Body mass index BMI Cytomegalovirus CMV Dilation and evacuation D&E Fetal growth restriction FGR Initial causes of death INCODE Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy ICP Maternal fetal medicine unit MFMU Premature rupture of membranes PROM Randomized controlled trail RCT Relative risk RR Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Small for gestational age SGA Stillbirth collaborative research…

Pregnancy Loss

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Adjusted odds ratio aOR American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Anticardiolipin antibodies aCL Antiphospholipid antibodies aPL Antiphospholipid syndrome APS Assisted reproductive technology ART Bacterial vaginosis BV β-human chorionic gonadotropin β-hCG Chorionic villus sampling CVS Chromosomal microarray CMA Comparative genome hybridization CGH Confidence interval CI European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology ESHRE Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Immunoglobulin Ig…

Trauma and Related Surgery in Pregnancy

Open full size image Key Abbreviations 100 cGy or 100 rads 1 Gray Centigray cGy Computerized tomography CT Focused abdominal sonography for trauma FAST Kleihauer-Betke test KB Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Motor vehicle crash MVC Radiation absorbed dose rad Incidence of Trauma in Pregnancy Because of underreporting, the actual incidence of trauma during pregnancy is unknown. However, traumatic injury has been reported to complicate 6% to…

Surgery During Pregnancy

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG As low as reasonably achievable ALARA Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics APGO Computed tomography CT Fetal heart rate FHR Intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Last menstrual period LMP Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons SAGES Approximately 1 in 500 women will require nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. The…

Fetal Growth Restriction

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Abdominal circumference AC Absent end-diastolic velocity AEDV α-fetoprotein AFP Amniotic fluid index AFI Amniotic fluid volume AFV Average for gestational age AGA Biophysical profile BPP Biparietal diameter BPD Cerebroplacental Doppler ratio CPR Computerized cardiotocography cCTG Contraction stress test CST Ductus venosus DV Estimated date of confinement EDC Femur length FL Fetal activity count FAC Fetal growth restriction FGR Fetal heart…

Late- and Postterm Pregnancy

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Amniotic fluid index AFI Confidence interval CI Estimated date of delivery EDD International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics FIGO Last menstrual period LMP Odds ratio OR Perinatal mortality rate PMR Randomized controlled trial RCT Relative risk RR Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine SMFM World Health Organization WHO Obstetricians have long recognized that there can…

Amniotic Fluid Disorders

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Amniotic fluid AF Amniotic fluid index AFI Amniotic fluid volume AFV Antiphospholipid syndrome APS Intrauterine fetal death IUFD Intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Maximum vertical pocket MVP Neonatal intensive care unit NICU Odds ratio OR Perinatal mortality rate PMR Premature rupture of the membranes PROM Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome TTTS Abnormalities of amniotic fluid volume (AFV) raise concern for an underlying fetal…

Antepartum Fetal Evaluation

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Amniotic fluid index AFI Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome APLAS Assisted reproductive technology ART Biophysical profile BPP Body mass index BMI Central nervous system CNS Contraction stress test CST Deepest vertical pocket DVP Fetal breathing movement FBM Fetal movement counting FMC Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio L/S ratio Modified biophysical…

Pregnancy as a Window to Future Maternal and Child Health

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Fetal growth restriction FGR Gestational diabetes mellitus GDM High-density lipoprotein HDL Low-density lipoprotein LDL Placental growth factor PlGF Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 sFlt-1 Pregnancy is a uniquely multigenerational experience. Its outcomes are influenced by the woman's personal medical and obstetric history, the obstetric histories of her mother (and to…

Lactation and Breastfeeding

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative BFHI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Confidence interval CI Daily recommended intake DRI Food and Drug Administration FDA Human immunodeficiency virus HIV Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (axis) HPA Immunoglobulin A IgA Infant Feeding Practices Study IFPS Lactational amenorrhea method LAM Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid LCPUFA Luteinizing hormone LH Maternal, Infant, and…

Postpartum Care and Long-Term Health Considerations

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Combined hormonal contraception CHC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate DMPA Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale EPDS Food and Drug Administration FDA Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH Intrauterine device IUD Lactational amenorrhea method LAM Long-acting reversible contraception LARC Pelvic floor muscle training PFMT Postpartum thyroiditis PPT Postpartum depression PPD Posttraumatic stress disorder…

The Neonate

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Appropriate for gestational age AGA Central nervous system CNS Chronic lung disease CLD Computed tomography CT Continuous positive airway pressure CPAP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine DPPC Docosahexaenoic acid DHA Functional residual capacity FRC Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD Group B Streptococcus GBS Human immunodeficiency virus HIV Hyaline membrane disease HMD Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP…

Patient Safety and Quality Measurement in Obstetric Care

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Catholic Healthcare Partners CHP Crew resource management CRM Hospital Corporation of America HCA Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy HIE Institute of Medicine IOM Intensive care unit ICU Nulliparous term singleton vertex NTSV Situation, background, assessment, recommendation SBAR Health care quality has been defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as “the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood…

Placenta Accreta Spectrum

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Abnormally invasive placenta AIP Cesarean delivery CD Color Doppler imaging CDI Federation International of Gynecologists and Obstetricians FIGO Intensive care unit ICU Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Massive obstetric hemorrhage MOH Multidisciplinary team MDT Odds ratio and confidence intervals OR & CI Placenta accreta spectrum PAS Postpartum hemorrhage PPH Randomized controlled trial RCT The…

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Body mass index BMI Cephalopelvic disproportion CPD Fetal heart rate FHR Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy HIE Lower uterine segment LUS Maternal-fetal medicine units MFMU National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD National Institutes of Health NIH Odds ratio OR Relative risk RR Trial of labor after cesarean TOLAC Vaginal birth after cesarean VBAC…

Cesarean Delivery

Open full size image Key Abbreviations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Cephalopelvic disproportion CPD Cesarean delivery CD Computed tomography CT Delayed cord clamping DCC Deep venous thrombosis DVT Fetal heart rate FHR Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy HIE National Institutes of Health NIH Pulmonary embolism PE Randomized controlled trial RCT Relative risk RR Trial of labor after cesarean TOLAC Vaginal birth after cesarean VBAC Venous thromboembolism VTE…

Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Fresh frozen plasma FFP Packed red blood cells pRBC Placenta accreta syndrome PAS Obstetric hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality throughout the world. Despite treatment protocols, postpartum hemorrhage remains the primary reason for maternal admissions to the intensive care unit, need for transfusion, and associated morbidity (e.g., acute lung injury, infection, coagulopathy, renal failure, pituitary necrosis,…

Malpresentations and Malposition

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Abdominal diameter AD American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Amniotic fluid index AFI Anteroposterior AP Biparietal diameter BPD Cerebral palsy CP Combined spinal-epidural CSE Computed tomography CT Confidence interval CI External cephalic version ECV Fetal heart rate FHR Internal podalic version IPV Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Occipitofrontal diameter OFD Occiput posterior OP Odds ratio OR Perinatal mortality rate PMR…

Obstetric Anesthesia

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Advanced cardiovascular life support ACLS American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA Basic life support BLS Confidence interval CI Central nervous system CNS Combined spinal-epidural CSE Induction-to-delivery I-D Laryngeal mask airway LMA N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NMDA receptor Odds ratio OR Para-aminobenzoic acid PABA Patient controlled analgesia PCA Patient controlled epidural analgesia PCEA Postanesthesia care unit PACU…

Intrapartum Fetal Evaluation

Open full size image Key Abbreviations Amnioinfusion AI Electronic fetal monitoring EFM Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD Fetal electrocardiography FEC Fetal scalp electrode FSE Intrauterine pressure catheter IUPC Tocodynamometer TOCO Background Intrapartum fetal monitoring to assess fetal well-being during labor and delivery is a key component of intrapartum management. In fact, over 80% of laboring patients in the United…