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Normal Values


Chemistry Values

Table C-1
Serum Magnesium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Alkaline Phosphatase in the First Month of Life (Mean ± SD)
Modified from Noone D, Kieran E, Molloy EJ. Serum magnesium in the first week of life in extremely low birth weight infants. Neonatology 2012;101:274.
Day of life Magnesium mmol/L Calcium mmol/L Phosphate mmol/L Alkaline Phosphatase IU/L
1 0.85 ± 0.14 2.18 ± 0.27 1.99 ± 0.48 _
2 0.96 ± 0.18 2.24 ± 0.33 1.94 ± 0.56 _
3 1.05 ± 0.13 2.55 ± 0.19 1.49 ± 0.47 _
4 1.09 ± 0.10 2.65 ± 0.17 1.39 ± 0.44 _
5 1.06 ± 0.10 2.72 ± 0.27 1.29 ± 0.37 _
6 1.02 ± 0.12 2.71 ± 0.20 1.30 ± 0.37 _
7 0.98 ± 0.10 2.66 ± 0.16 1.37 ± 0.30 _
14 0.91 ± 0.10 2.57 ± 0.12 1.64 ± 0.38 1,323 ± 639
21 0.89 ± 0.08 2.61 ± 0.16 1.71 ± 0.34 1,359 ± 430
28 0.91 ± 0.10 2.61 ± 0.16 1.74 ± 0.35 1,238 ± 439
Reference range 0.7–1.17 1.8–2.7 1.62–2.52 146–1000
SD, Standard deviation.

Table C-2
Cord Blood Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, and Alkaline Phosphatase (23–36 weeks’ gestation)
Modified from Fenton TR, Lyon AW, Rose MS. Cord blood calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase gestational age-specific reference intervals for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr . 2011;11:76.
Gestational Age (weeks) Phosphate (mean ± SD) Calcium (mean ± SD) Magnesium (mean ± SD) Alkaline Phosphatase (mean ± SD)
mg/dL mmol/L mg/dL mmol/L mg/dL mmol/L units/L
23–27 6.5±0.9 2.1±0.3 10.0±1.0 2.5±0.2 1.9±0.2 0.79±0.07 201±61
28–31 6.3±1.0 2.0±0.3 10.2±1.2 2.6±0.3 1.9±0.3 0.79±0.1 196±68
32–34 6.1±0.8 2.0±0.2 10.5±1.0 2.6±0.2 1.8±0.2 0.76±0.08 174±55
35–36 6.1±1.0 2.0±0.3 10.4±1.1 2.6±0.3 1.8±0.2 0.76±0.09 166±56
>36 5.7±0.7 1.8±0.2 10.9±0.5 2.7±0.1 1.9±0.2 0.77±0.08 159±49
SD, Standard deviation.

Fig. C.1, Normal reference curve for umbilical cord arterial pH values within the reference group of 46,199 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants born after a noninstrumental vaginal delivery from 28–42 weeks with Apgar score ≥7 at 5 min.

Table C-3
Measured Variables in Cord and Whole Venous Blood in Healthy Term Neonates
From Dollberg S, Bauer R, Lubetzky R, et al. A reappraisal of neonatal blood chemistry reference ranges using the Nova M electrodes. Am J Perinatol 2001;18:433.
Cord Blood 2- to 4-Hour Blood
Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range
pH 7.35 ± 0.05 7.19–7.42 7.36 ± 0.04 7.27–7.45
P co 2 (mm Hg) 40 ± 6 24.5–56.7 43 ± 7 30–65
Hct (%) 48 ± 5 37–60 57 ± 5 42–67
Hb (g/L) 1.65 ± 0.16 1.29–2.06 1.90 ± 0.22 0.88–2.3
Na + (mmol/L) 138 ± 3 129–144 137 ± 3 130–142
K + (mmol/L) 5.3 ± 1.3 3.4–9.9 5.2 ± 0.5 4.4–6.4
Cl − (mmol/L) 107 ± 4 100–121 111 ± 5 105–125
iCa (mmol/L) 1.15 ± 0.35 0.21–1.5 1.13 ± 0.08 0.9–1.3
iMg (mmol/L) 0.28 ± 0.06 0.09–0.39 0.30 ± 0.05 0.23–0.46
Glucose (mmol/L) 4.16 ± 1.05 0.16–6.66 3.50 ± 0.67 5.11–16.10
Glucose (mg/dL) 75 ± 19 2.9–120 63 ± 12 29–92
Lactate (mmol/L) 4.6 ± 1.9 1.1–9.6 3.9 ± 1.5 1.6–9.8
BUN (mmol/L) 2.14 ± 0.61 1.07–3.57 2.53 ± 0.71 1.43–4.28
BUN (mg/dL) 6.0 ± 1.7 3.0–10.0 7.1 ± 2.0 4–12
Abbreviations: BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; SD, standard deviation.

Table C-4
Plasma Ammonia Levels in Preterm Infants of 32 Weeks’ or Less Gestational Age
Modified from Usmanii SS, Cavaliere T, Casatelli J, et al. Plasma ammonia levels in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Pediatr 1993;123:798.
Ammonia Level∗
Age (days) μmol/L μg/dL
Birth 71 ± 26 121 ± 45
1 69 ± 22 117 ± 37
3 60 ± 19 103 ± 33
7 42 ± 14 72 ± 24
14 42 ± 18 72 ± 30
21 43 ± 16 73 ± 28
28 42 ± 15 72 ± 25
Term infants at birth 45 ± 9 77 ± 16

Table C-5
Liver Function Test Values
Modified from Rosenthal P. Assessing liver function and hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Clin Chem . 1997;43:228.
Test Age Value
Albumin (g/L) 0–5 days (<2.5 kg)
0–5 days (>2.5 kg)
1–30 days
31–182 days
183–365 days		 20–36
26–36
26–43
28–46
28–48
PT (s) 30–36 weeks of gestation
1 day
5 days
30 days
90 days
180 days		 10.6–16.2
10.0–15.3
10.0–13.6
10.0–14.6
10.0–15.0
Full Term
1 day
5 days
30 days
90 days
180 days		 11.6–14.4
10.9–13.9
10.6–13.1
10.8–13.1
11.5–13.1
PTT (s) 30–36 weeks of gestation
1 day
5 days
30 days
90 days
180 days		 27.5–79.4
26.9–74.1
26.9–62.5
28.3–50.7
21.7–53.3
Full Term
1 day
5 days
30 days
90 days
180 days		 37.1–48.7
34.0–51.2
33.0–47.8
30.6–43.6
31.8–39.2
Ammonia (μmol/L) 1–90 days
3–11 mo		 42–144
34–133
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 0–5 days
1–3 yr		 35–140
20–60
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 0–5 days
1–30 days
31–365 days		 6–50
1–25
3–35
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 0–5 days
1–30 days
31–365 days		 110–300
48–406
82–383
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) 0–5 days
1–182 days
183–365 days		 34–263
12–132
1–39
PT , Prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time.

Table C-6
Reference Intervals for Urine Amino Acid Excretion in Untimed Samples (mmol per mol creatinine)
Modified from Venta R. Year-long validation study and reference values for urinary amino acids using a reverse-phase HPLC method. Clin Chem . 2001;47:575.
Amino Acid 0–1 Months (Mean) 1–12 Months (Mean)
Aspartic acid 9–57 (23) 10–69 (26)
Glutamic acid 31–96 (54) 24–102 (50)
Alpha-aminoadipic acid 7–96 (26) 7–110 (29)
Hydroxyproline 11–556 (100) 5–238 (34)
Phosphoethanolamine 13–167 (46) 12–216 (51)
Serine 48–509 (156) 34–329 (51)
Asparagine 15–223 (58) 18–197 (59)
Glycine 127–2042 (510) 133–894 (345)
Glutamine 37–600 (148) 63–446 (168)
Beta-Alanine 2–41 (8) 2–38 (8)
Taurine∗ 12–1057 10–809
Histidine 23–676 (125) 69–392 (164)
Citrulline 1–18 (5) 2–46 (9)
Threonine 9–337 (56) 12–145 (41)
Alanine 34–358 (109) 27–313 (93)
Beta-aminoisobutyric acid 0–520 (14) 5–258 (36)
Carnosine 3–184 (21) 8–160 (36)
Arginine 0–81 (10) 0–40 (5)
Proline 3–257 (29) 2–90 (14)
1-Methylhistidine 0–78 (7) 0–98 (7)
3-Methylhistidine 5–85 (20) 10–95 (31)
Ethanolamine 33–253 (91) 57–221 (112)
Aminobutyric acid 1–43 (5) 1–58 (7)
Tyrosine 5–74 (19) 12–64 (28)
Valine 3–34 (10) 3–43 (11)
Methionine 2–24 (7) 2–18 (6)
Cystathionine 1–26 (6) 1–11 (4)
Cystine 5–109 (24) 2–42 (10)
Isoleucine 2–37 (8) 2–21 (6)
Leucine 4–84 (17) 4–72 (17)
Hydroxylysine 3–49 (11) 2–50 (9)
Phenylalanine 2–49 (9) 7–42 (17)
Tryptophan 1–46 (8) 3–37 (10)
Ornithine 2–37 (8) 2–19 (6)
Lysine 6–464 (54) 4–80 (18)
No. of subjects (male/female) 20 (11/9) 30 (16/14)

Fig. C.2, Blood hemoglobin concentration on the day of birth according to gestational age. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.3, Blood hemoglobin concentration over the first 28 days of life for neonates born at 35–42 weeks’ gestation. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.4, Blood hemoglobin concentration over the first 28 days of life for neonates born at 29–34 weeks’ gestation. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.5, Hematocrit on the day of birth according to gestational age. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.6, Hematocrit over the first 28 days of life for neonates born at 35–42 weeks’ gestation. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.7, Hematocrit over the first 28 days of life for neonates born at 29–34 weeks’ gestation. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.8, Nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) levels on the day of birth according to gestational age. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.9, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) on the day of birth according to gestational age. For each, the lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.10, Reference intervals are displayed from the day of birth to 90 days for: (1) blood hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration (gdL −1 ), (2) erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV; fL) , (3) reticulocytes (Retic × 10 3 per μL blood), (4) immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF %) , and (5) reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET-He pg) . The dashed lines show the 10th percentile and 90th percentile values, the solid black line shows the “smoothed” median values, and the light gray solid line shows the actual median values each day.

Fig. C.11, Neutrophil levels of neonates ≥36 weeks’ gestation during the first 72 hours of life. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.12, Neutrophil levels of neonates 28–36 weeks’ gestation during the first 72 hours of life. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

Fig. C.13, Neutrophil levels of neonates <28 weeks’ gestation during the first 72 hours of life. The lower dotted line is the fifth percentile, the solid middle line is the mean, and the upper dotted line is the 95th percentile.

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