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Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Its Influence on Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty has been considered one of the most technically challenging procedures of Aesthetic Surgery. Not only is it a surgery that has a functional component but it also vastly encompasses aesthetic aspects. Unlike many other procedures, the results of rhinoplasty are plainly visible to the general population and not just something that can be disguised or placed out of public view.
Thus, the results of this procedure, if negative, can have an enormous adverse psychological after-effect on the patient. Interestingly, positive results may be forgotten but negative results have a lasting impact.
To gain a complete understanding of the various aspects of this procedure we delve into the history of the human race.
Our species, Homo sapiens , evolved in Africa. Most recent fossil evidence suggests that human features started to appear around 2,00,000 years ago. It believed that Homo sapiens remained in Africa until around 60,000 years ago. The two original splits in the human tree eventually formed between the Khoe-San of southern Africa and the Pygmies of central Africa. After which different colonies branched out, moving to various parts of the continent. The Khoe-San of southern Africa and the Pygmies of central Africa lived in Africa for 10,000 years before any migration out of Africa.
About 60,000 years ago, a few thousand humans left Africa moving to the Arabian Peninsula. This group is most closely related to the present-day groups that live in East Africa.
Homo sapiens started to colonize the earth between 8 and 10 thousand years ago and lived in rather isolated societies, eventually developing and growing into populations to form early civilizations. Fig. 1.1 shows different migration models of movements of Homo sapiens throughout the globe.
Possible models of Homo sapiens migrating throughout the globe.
The migration of Homo sapiens to different areas of the globe, caused mutations in their genes to adapt to the different environments. Darker skinned individuals produce less vitamin D naturally compared to fair skinned individuals; lightly pigmented humans have adapted to low UV by making synthesizing their own vitamin D, just one example of how genes mutate to the environment.
Formation of Ancient Civilizations
Civilizations were born out of smaller more isolated communities that came together as codependent to render a practical way of life with benefits for the community and its survival ( Table 1.1 ).
Table 1.1
Ancient Period (BC).
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The Mesopotamian Civilization
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Civilization Name: Mesopotamian civilization
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Period: 3500 BC to 500 BC
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Original Location: Northeast by the Zagros mountains, southeast by the Arabian plateau
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Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
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Major Highlights: First civilization in the world
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The history of documented human civilization starts with Mesopotamia, present day Iraq and Kuwait. Evidence of an older civilized society before 3300 BC has not surfaced. Mesopotamia is largely known as the birthplace of the first civilized society. Ancient Mesopotamia held a timeline around 3300 BC to 750 BC. Humans that had settled in the Paleolithic era began domesticating animals and developing methods of agriculture using the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The Indus Valley Civilization
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Civilization Name: Indus Valley civilization
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Period: 3300 BC to 1900 BC
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Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
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Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
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Major Highlights: One of the most widespread civilizations, covering 1.25 million km
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The Indus Valley civilization was one of the three major civilizations of the ancient world, as well as one of the most widespread. It spanned from areas extending from what is today northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India, amounting to an area of 1.25 million kilometers. The name was coined owing to the geographic birth of the civilization around the Indus Valley, around the Indus river basin, one of the major rivers in Asia, as well as the other seasonal river named Ghaggar-Hakra which flows through northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
This civilization was also called the Harappan civilization since it was first identified at Harappa in 1921 and Mohenjo-daro in 1922 near the Indus river. The Indus Valley civilization largely consisted of two main cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, flourishing from 2600 BC to around 1900 BC.
Excavations in the region have brought evidence that this civilization innovated weights and very accurate measurements like length, mass, and time. Their artifacts also point to their advancement in metallurgy, working with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. This civilization also created the world’s first sanitation system with a sewage and drainage system. This culture was rich in arts and crafts. This civilization stood out due to the technological advancements and the refined sophistication.
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization
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Civilization Name: Egyptian civilization
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Period: 3150 BC to 30 BC
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Original Location: Banks of the Nile
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Current Location: Egypt
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The Egyptian civilization is one of the most well-known of the ancient civilizations that is still shrouded in mystery and wonder even today. It boasts of many impressive facets from the colossal pyramids to the hieroglyphics, along with the richness and resplendence of their royalty.
The Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age are how historians categorize the timeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Around 3150 BC the Upper and Lower Egypt amalgamated under the first pharaoh.
The civilization flourished along the River Nile; this sustained the growing society to become one of the most well-established ancient civilizations ever known. The Nile was effectively the lifeline of this civilization. Ancient Egypt reached its zenith during the New Kingdom. It was under the leadership of pharaohs like Ramesses the Great who ruled with such authority and military skill that the kingdom came to stretch from the Mediterranean to Nubia, which is modern day Sudan.
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