Immune Responses Introduction The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defence against invading microorganisms. The key mechanism is the body’s recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on the surface of dendritic cells. This triggers inflammatory…
Systemic Responses Factors Responsible for Systemic Responses ( Box 2.1 ) Surgical patients are subject to a variety of major stressors that make massive demands on the body’s ability to maintain physiological equilibrium and sustain life. Examples of such stressors…
Approaches to Surgical Problems What Do Surgeons Do? Surgeons are perceived as doctors who do operations, that is, cutting tissue to treat disease, usually under anaesthesia, but this is only a small part of surgical practice. The range individual surgeons…
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The performance of increasingly complex endovascular procedures has prompted a need for more eloquent angiographic imaging at the time of the initial procedure The amount of ionizing radiation and contrast media is directly proportional to the complexity of the procedure.…
Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has evolved significantly during the last two decades, especially with the broader introduction of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) by Parodi et al. in 1991. However, the Achilles’ heel of EVAR remains the endoleak. Many early…
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Numerous bridging devices have been used in patients undergoing complex endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with involvement of one or more target vessels. In this chapter we highlight the most common bridging devices and outline their strengths and limitations, as used…
Lesions in the aortic arch or descending aorta can be treated using open or endovascular methods. When the lesion is located close to or involves the supra-aortic branches, treatment becomes more difficult, and hybrid approaches may be necessary. In such…
The aortic arch is one of the most anatomically complex segments of the thoracoabdominal aorta because of the plurality of supra-aortic branch configurations and highly variable curvature. Endovascular treatment of aortic arch aneurysms using branched stent-grafts was reported initially by…