Introduction Hemorrhage occurs when there is disruption of the blood vessel wall after an injury, i.e., vascular trauma. Hemorrhage remains a leading cause of death in trauma patients, accounting for 40% of deaths. In order to reduce mortality from hemorrhage…
Introduction Major hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in both civilian and military trauma patients. However, since the beginning of the twenty-first century improvements have been made in the care of trauma patients with major hemorrhage. For the…
Introduction The issue of surgical training—whether vascular or general—faces a number of significant current and future challenges. Firstly, the advent of vascular surgical residencies in the United States and Great Britain has widened the gap between vascular surgery and general…
Trauma Systems Overview Managing severe injuries requires the timely intervention of multidisciplinary teams, as well as the coordination of prehospital care and resuscitation begun at the point of injury. Fundamentally, trauma systems save lives by rapidly delivering critically injured patients…
Lambert’s dictum describes “what” vascular surgeons do. This has remained constant throughout the centuries. However, “why” and “how” surgeons do this has changed drastically from decade to decade. The vascular trauma subspecialty in particular has experienced changing practices with regard…
Although the first crude arteriorrhaphy was performed more than 250 years ago, it is only within the past 50 years that vascular surgery has been practiced both widely and consistently with anticipation of good results. Historically, it is of particular…
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Defining Global Surgery The concept of global surgery has gained prominence in public health discourse over the past decade. Although traditional issues in global health continue to attract attention, global surgery as a discipline is now an integral part of…
Introduction Orthopaedic surgery involves the assessment and management of a wide spectrum of common conditions that affect bones, joints and soft tissues. The focus of this chapter is the assessment and management of degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases; bone and…
Ear Anatomy External ear The external ear lies lateral to the tympanic membrane. The pinna ( Fig. 27.1 ) is made of fibroelastic cartilage, the external auditory meatus has an outer cartilage portion and the inner part is formed by…