1 What is a reasonable differential diagnosis for masses/lumps in the ipsilateral neck? Nonspecific lymphadenopathy Salivary gland tumor Viral or bacterial infectious process Lymphoma Carotid body tumor/chemodectoma Metastatic carcinoma Tuberculosis or a fungal disease Prominent normal anatomy 2 Could normal…
1 Describe the location and characteristics of the parotid gland The paired parotid glands are the largest of the three major salivary glands. The parotid gland is triangular in shape bounded superiorly by the zygomatic arch; posteriorly by the external…
1 What are the most common types of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC)? Which type is the most prevalent? The most common types of NMSC are the keratinocyte carcinomas, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC represents nearly…
1 What is melanoma? The term melanoma implies a malignant tumor that arises from melanocytes. The most malignant of all skin cancers, melanoma usually forms from a preexisting nevus or mole but may develop de novo. It accounts for <1%…
1 What is a neoplasm? A neoplasm, or tumor, is any new mass of cells, where they grow under conditions that normally should not give rise to new cell growth. Benign neoplasms grow, but they do not spread; they disrupt…
1 How is breast cancer diagnosed? A breast cancer diagnosis requires tissue confirmation by needle sampling or less commonly by surgical biopsy. Historically, excisional biopsy was the gold standard, but needle sampling has become the preferred initial diagnostic method most…
1 What are evidenced-based components of breast screening? Screening mammography has the most evidence to support it as a breast cancer screening tool. A screening study has value when: a. The incidence of the disease is high. b. The risks…
1 What is the arterial and venous anatomy of the adrenal gland? There are two adrenal glands, each located in the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys. The blood supply consists of three arteries: The superior adrenal artery that is a…
1 What are the surgically correctable causes of hypertension? Renovascular hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), coarctation of the aorta, and unilateral renal parenchymal disease. Surgical hypertension accounts for 5%–10% of all hypertensive patients. 2 Which form of…
1 What is the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer? The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases throughout life and is dependent on the method of detection—by palpation 5%, by ultrasound (US) 35%, and by autopsy 50%. Thyroid nodules are four…