OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis When reconstructing several knee ligaments, there is an increased risk of reconstruction tunnel convergence on both the tibia and femur; therefore, planning tunnel position and orientation is crucial. Tunnel convergence can compromise ligament reconstructions and fixation, ultimately…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis When the conservative management of medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears fails or, in severe cases, if valgus gapping is present in full extension, an anatomic medial knee reconstruction technique is preferred. This technique provides quality restoration of…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries are rare and usually part of a multiligament injury pattern. If left untreated, these injuries may result in chronic pain, instability, failure of cruciate ligament reconstruction grafts, and failure to return to work…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis Several techniques for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have been developed. Historically, the arthroscopic approach have been first proposed, then the inlay open approach has been popularized in order to overcome the disavantages of the arthroscopic technique. Hybrid…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury can occur in isolation or as part of a complex multiligamentous knee injury. The PCL tibial inlay technique avoids the “killer turn” of the transtibial PCL reconstruction. This chapter details PCL reconstruction…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis The goal of this chapter is to provide a review of diagnostic tools, surgical indications, and operative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries, focusing on arthroscopic double-bundle PCL reconstruction. Important points Isolated PCL injuries should be…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis The keys to successful posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction are to identify and treat all pathologies, use strong graft material, accurately place tunnels in anatomic insertion sites, minimize graft bending, use a mechanical graft tensioning device, use…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis This chapter describes in detail the indications, surgical planning, and step-by-step procedure for combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and open wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Important points All patients undergo preoperative planning, clinical examination, and patient-specific…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis Combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal deficiency alters knee function and predisposes the patient to accelerated degenerative osteoarthritis. Combined ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) has been advocated to treat this combined deficiency. During…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis Residual anterolateral rotatory laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has been shown to correlate with inferior outcomes. With further understanding of the importance of the anterolateral complex (ALC) in rotatory control of an ACL deficient…