The measurement of lower extremity systolic pressure is by far the most widely used parameter for evaluating peripheral arterial disease. It is an easy measurement to perform with minimal testing equipment, it is a reliable and reproducible indicator of hemodynamically…
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Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is on the increase in America. The prevalence of CAM use among people with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or with risk factors for such is significantly higher than in the general population.…
Endothelial dysfunction is a key component in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with classic CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction is one of the first clinically detectable alterations…
Strategies focused on traditional risks factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as tobacco use, hypertension, hyperglycemia, lipid abnormalities, obesity, and physical inactivity have failed to stem the tide of CVD, and investigators have begun to focus on other risk factors…
Hypertension is a major remediable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In serial U.S. population samples the prevalence of hypertension in adults has decreased slightly from 29.0% to 27.6% from 1999 to 2008. During that period, numerous randomized clinical trials…
Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Management of dyslipidemia is based on the National Cholesterol Educational Panel’s (NCEP) guidelines, initially published in 1988. These guidelines are based on a large body of evidence that demonstrates…
Tremendous progress has been made in reducing the incidence of tobacco abuse. This is partly the result of the health care profession educating and counseling smokers, but is also undoubtedly related to the increasing inconvenience and social stigma of smoking.…
Tobacco smoke is a major cause of death; it leads to an estimated 443,000 deaths per year in the United States. Cardiovascular disease accounts for a third of these smoking-associated deaths. Many decades ago, the epidemiologic association of smoking and…
In 2010, it was estimated that among all industrialized Western countries, between one in three to one in five people had the metabolic syndrome. In the United States alone that amounted to approximately 50 million to 75 million people. This…