Congenital chest wall deformities fall into two groups: those with overgrowth of the cartilages causing either a depression or protuberance and those with varying degrees of either aplasia or dysplasia. Pectus excavatum (PE), also known as an “excavated, sunken, or…
This chapter will provide a broad overview of the more common pediatric neurosurgical conditions seen in a children’s hospital setting, with the exception of trauma. Emphasis will be placed on conditions in which the pediatric surgeon and neurosurgeon interface in…
Musculoskeletal trauma is the most common medical emergency in children. In children ages 1–14 years, injuries are the leading cause of death, more than from all other causes combined. However, not all orthopedic injuries sustained by children are life threatening.…
Epidemiology and Anatomy Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of traumatic death in children. In the United States 475,000 children (0–14 years of age) sustain a TBI annually, with 435,000 emergency department visits, 37,000 hospitalizations, and over…
In the United States, approximately 1 in 10,000 children sustain abdominal trauma each year. Approximately 8000 children are hospitalized with liver and/or spleen injury each year, and kidney and pancreatic injury account for an additional 600 and 200 admissions per…
Trauma remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States in children ages 1–14 years. In 2015, it continued to result in more death and disability than all other childhood diseases combined, as nearly 4000 pediatric patients…
In 1953, a 49% total body surface area (TBSA) burn produced an expected mortality of 50% in a child. Today, the percent TBSA burn producing that same mortality is estimated at 99%. Despite several major advancements in burn care, burns…
Bites A wide variety of bites are seen in children. It is estimated that more than 1 million children are treated annually for bites ( Table 12.1 ). Much of the data on the incidence of infections and value of…
Esophageal Foreign Bodies Foreign body (FB) ingestions are a common occurrence in infants and young children. The exact incidence is unknown because many cases are not reported. In 2015, the Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers…
Fetal surgery represents the therapeutic interventions on the maternal-fetal dyad for the benefit of the fetus. The evolution in fetal intervention began with advances in prenatal imaging techniques and genetic testing that allowed clinicians to make early and accurate diagnoses…