Video 7.1 Laparoscopic Truncal Vagotomy Introduction Gastric acid production contributes to duodenal and gastric ulcer formation. Intraluminal gastric acid is released by parietal cells, which in turn are stimulated via three mechanisms: gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine. All three mechanisms activate…
Video 6.1 Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains one of the most common diseases for which patients seek medical treatment. Surgical intervention is offered after failure of maximal medical therapy and/or when an anatomic defect, such as…
Introduction Franz Torek performed the first successful esophagectomy in 1913, after 30 years of dismal results without any survivors. Improvements in technique and patient care have reduced morbidity and mortality; however, esophagectomy remains a high-risk procedure because of the challenging…
Introduction The adrenals are paired retroperitoneal glands that lie partially anterior, superior, and medial to the upper pole of the kidneys, bounded by retroperitoneal fat and Gerota’s fascia. The right adrenal gland is posteromedial to the right lobe of the…
Video 3.1 Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy Thyroidectomy Thyroidectomy is the most common endocrine surgical procedure. By definition, a total thyroidectomy requires the resection of both thyroid lobes and isthmus, whereas a thyroid lobectomy requires the resection of one lobe with the…
Video 2.1 Tracheostomy Introduction Tracheotomy (tracheostomy) is one of the oldest surgical procedures known, with the first reference in 3600 BCE. Chevalier Jackson is credited with standardizing the tracheotomy procedure in 1932, outlining the individual steps for establishing a direct…
Video 1.1 Neck Dissection Introduction Neck dissection has been a standard method of removing at-risk or involved cancerous lymph nodes in the head and neck for more than 100 years. Crile first described the radical neck dissection in the early…
Chapter 3 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. c 8. a, d, e 9. b, c 10. a Chapter 4 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. d 7.…
The United States has the most advanced health technology in the world. At the same time, we have one of the most inefficient health care delivery systems. Most of the technology-driven care is concentrated in hospitals, which are inherently inefficient.…
Hypertension affects more than 65 million people in the United States and is one of the most important risk factors for stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and death. Cardiovascular risk is estimated to double with each 20 mm Hg increment above 115 mm Hg…