PULMONARY PHARMACOLOGY Pulmonary pharmacology concerns the effects of drugs on the lungs and understanding how drugs used to treat patients with pulmonary diseases work. Much of this pharmacology concerns drugs used to treat obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma and…
Plate 4-1 Open full size image CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE THORACIC CAGE PECTUS EXCAVATUM Pectus excavatum is also called funnel chest, chonechondrosternon, or trichterbrust. It is a deformity of the anterior chest wall characterized by depression of the lower sternum…
TESTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION RADIOLOGIC EXAMINATION OF THE LUNGS Chest radiography remains the primary imaging modality for initial evaluation of patients with suspected chest disease and in many cases not only identifies abnormalities but also allows a specific determination of…
PULMONARY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGE The major function of the lung is to deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the blood as it passes through the pulmonary capillary bed. This function is achieved through a series of complex…
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system is made up of the structures involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the atmosphere, so-called external respiration . The exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries…
Introduction Many primary connective tissue disorders alter the radiographic appearance of the skeleton and are referred to as skeletal dysplasias (see Chapter 49 ). A smaller number of disorders produce connective tissue laxity syndromes, such as the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, in…
Pediatric rheumatologists encounter children with a wide variety of musculoskeletal pains, including those with acute and chronic pain that appears disproportional or amplified, with a degree of pain subsequently suffered. In some cases, there is no clear trigger. Chronic musculoskeletal…
Many nonrheumatic systemic disorders cause musculoskeletal signs or symptoms, most commonly arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia, or bone pain. They can mimic rheumatic diseases, and it is therefore important to be aware of these conditions to avoid delay in the correct diagnosis.…
Definition and Classification Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) denotes a group of related and heterogeneous disorders characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and generally classified into Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). When there are features of both UC and CD,…
Musculoskeletal pain of noninflammatory origin is common in childhood and is a frequent cause of referral to pediatric rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, sports medicine specialists, and primary care physicians. Noninflammatory causes of pain are more common than inflammatory ones, and early…