Introduction Viral infections are a concern to practitioners in prenatal diagnosis, particularly in the interpretation of an abnormal fetal ultrasound examination. It must be emphasized that the risks of transplacental transmission and fetal damage are pathogen- and gestation-specific. An optimal…
Background Placenta praevia and placenta accreta are a source of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. They are associated with increasing healthcare costs. Their incidence is rising as the number of Caesarean sections and maternal age increase. The importance of…
Introduction Amniotic fluid (AF) is an essential complex and dynamic environment that changes in nature and amount as pregnancy progresses. Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus during intrauterine development and normal levels are essential to fetal well-being. The presence of normal…
Introduction Since the introduction of ultrasound scanning into obstetric practice in UK in the 1980s, there has been a considerable change to the role of this test in antenatal care, which has been driven largely by developments in technology. In…
Introduction * Acknowledgement: This study was supported by a grant from the Fetal Medicine Foundation (Charity No: 1037116). Aneuploidies are major causes of perinatal death and childhood disability. Consequently, the detection of chromosomal disorders constitutes the most frequent indication for…
Introduction The first trimester of pregnancy is generally considered to be the first 13 completed weeks. In the past, first-trimester ultrasound has mainly been used to confirm fetal viability, establish pregnancy location, count the number of fetuses and assess gestational…
Acknowledgments I acknowledge Brad Hoehne, Radiology Digital Imaging Specialist (Nationwide Children’s Hospital), for preparation of figures. Back pain is common in children and tends to increase with age, especially in the early teen years. Although back pain can be the…
In the neonatal period the most frequently encountered spinal pathologies are of developmental nature. Spinal tumors or infections are exquisitely rare in neonates. Spinal trauma may occasionally be encountered and typically result from a complicated/traumatic delivery. This chapter will consequently…
The most common indication for pediatric cervical spine (C-spine) imaging is trauma. Although cervical spinal injuries are rare in children, the result can be devastating. The role of the radiologist is crucial in the early detection of cervical spinal injury…
Evaluation of pediatric head and neck masses can be challenging because the anatomy is complex and the diseases that affect the head and neck are numerous. Grouping head and neck lesions into broad categories based on anatomic location and suspected…