FETAL VENTRICULOMEGALY Isolated Mild Unilateral Ventriculomegaly Brain structurally normal Good prognosis Isolated Bilateral Ventriculomegaly Brain structurally normal Often mild Good prognosis Porencephaly CSF-filled cavity Communicates (usually) with ventricle Ischemia and infection most common causes Hemorrhage Variety of maternal and fetal…
INTRODUCTION Background The majority (80%) of pediatric spine trauma occurs in the cervical spine and annual incidence is 1% to 2%. Pediatric spine trauma is most commonly secondary to motor vehicle accidents (52%), sports injury (27%), falls (15%), and nonaccidental…
INTRODUCTION Background Infectious, inflammatory, and demyelinating disorders of the spinal cord are commonly encountered in children. Children typically present with acute neurologic signs and symptoms, including sensory and motor deficits, hyporeflexia or hyperreflexia, and bowel or bladder incontinence. Lumbar puncture…
APPROACH TO SPINE MASSES Key Points Background Spinal masses include those arising from the central nervous system, as well as those arising from other organ systems with either direct extension or systemic spread to the spine. It is important to…
SPINE MALFORMATION: EMBRYOLOGY AND APPROACH Spine Embryology The formation of the spine occurs from the second to sixth weeks of gestation through: Gastrulation (weeks 2–3): conversion of a bilaminar to trilaminar layer with the middle layer of the mesoderm. Primary…
INTRODUCTION Background Head and neck infections are extremely common in children. Locations of infections include the lymph nodes, salivary glands, aerodigestive tract, orbit, sinuses, and temporal bone. Consequently, an initial approach to head and neck infections and inflammatory conditions includes…
APPROACH TO NECK MASSES BACKGROUND AND APPROACH TO NECK MASSES Neck masses are commonly encountered in children, and a wide range of etiologies is possible such that familiarity with anatomic locations and a diagnostic approach is necessary in order to…
INTRODUCTION Background Within a space of less than a few centimeters, the temporal bone contains highly specialized small anatomic structures that allow for hearing and balance. The temporal bone is composed of five parts (petrous, tympanic, squamosal, mastoid, and zygomatic)…
INTRODUCTION Background Craniofacial malformations have characteristic osseous and soft tissue features, which lead to visible deformity. In addition, these anomalies can lead to loss of normal function of hearing, swallowing, and vision. These malformations frequently involve combinations of craniofacial locations.…
INTRODUCTION Embryology The ventricles arise from the lumen of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. At approximately the sixth week of gestation, the lateral ventricles arise as extensions from the anterior-superior aspect of the third ventricle and communicate through the foramen…