Imaging Techniques Radiographs are an essential tool in the initial assessment of most conditions affecting the foot, whether they are acute or chronic traumatic lesions or infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic conditions. Standard views include anteroposterior, lateral, and external oblique projections.…
Lower Extremity Pelvis/Thigh Piriformis Syndrome Compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle is noted in the pelvis. The L4, L5, S1, and S2 nerve roots give contributions to the sciatic nerve. As the nerve exits the greater sciatic…
Most patients who suffer an ankle sprain return to normal sport and daily living activity. However, chronic pain or instability can limit activity and affect up to 20% to 40% of these patients. Ankle impingement syndromes and osteochondral lesions are…
Etiology Ankle tendon injuries most commonly occur as a result of chronic microtearing due to overuse from athletic activity and/or primary degeneration. Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, gout, hyperparathyroidism, and diabetes can also lead to tendon infiltration…
General Considerations Prevalence and Epidemiology Ankle ligamentous injury or sprain is the most common type of ankle injury and accounts for 14% of visits to an emergency department, 1.6 million physician office visits, and more than 8000 hospitalizations per year…
Overview Of all of the major weight-bearing joints in the body, the ankle is the most frequently injured. In athletes, foot and ankle injuries account for up to one fourth of sports-related injuries, with the ankle ranking first as the…
Technical Aspects Conventional Radiography ( eTable 30-1 ) eTABLE 30–1 Radiographic Projections Projection Anatomy/Indication Routine Toe (Coned) Anteroposterior toes only Tufts, subungual, interphalangeal space Anteroposterior foot Intertarsal space, metatarsophalangeal joints Oblique toes only Bone contours, phalanges Lateral toes only Dislocation…
Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions The term osteochondral lesion is used to describe a defect of the articular surface involving separation of the cartilage and the underlying bone, without making any pretense to etiology. Possible causes of osteochondral lesions are traumatic…
The Extensor Apparatus The extensor apparatus consists of the quadriceps tendon, the patella, the patellar tendon, the infrapatellar fat pad, and the medial and lateral patellar retinacula. Quadriceps Tendon Rupture Anatomy The quadriceps tendon is the conglomeration of the distal…
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) represents the most important ligament injury around the knee. It is relatively uncommon in the general population but is an important cause of injury in individuals…