What is Aging? The processes and inevitability of aging are as certain as death and paying taxes. In the past 5 years, the population of the world has grown by approximately 1.7% per year. On the other hand, the number…
Etiology Degeneration of the spine is universal and involves structural changes in the disk, bone, ligaments, and articular cartilage of the facet joints. Despite the high prevalence of degeneration, the underlying etiology is still only partially understood. There is, however,…
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly referred to as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or causalgia, is a complex clinical entity. Most authors consider it a neuropathic pain disorder with some autonomic features and without a single pathognomonic test or marker.…
Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions Injury of muscle, whether contusion, laceration, or strain, is one of the most frequently encountered injuries in athletes. Strain injury accounts for 90% of sports injuries of muscle and may result in significant disability. Muscle injuries…
There are many complications of skeletal trauma, although in most cases fracture healing is uncomplicated. Complications can result from direct trauma to bone and soft tissue or from the treatment of the fractures. Complications may be systemic or local and…
History and Radiation Sources Since the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895 and the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896, many medical uses of radiation have been developed, both diagnostic and therapeutic. Patients can be…
Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions Stress injuries are a common cause of pain and morbidity and have become commonplace among the members of our increasingly active society. There is some confusion regarding the numerous terms used to describe these injuries, and…
Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions Nonaccidental injury (NAI; child abuse) is a widespread social problem of special concern to pediatricians. It is present worldwide but has different manifestations in differing cultures with increased awareness in Western societies. The presentation varies from…
Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Definitions Patterns of injury in children are different from those of adults, partly because of the unique structure of the pediatric skeleton. Injuries of the upper extremity account for 65% of all fractures and dislocations in children…
Epidemiology and Background The prevalence of both acute traumatic and chronic overuse injuries of the lower extremity has increased in children for a number of reasons. Children are participating in athletics at earlier ages and a higher rate than in…