Etiology Abdominal wall hernias, or external hernias (where abdominal contents protrude beyond the abdominal cavity), include inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, spigelian, epigastric, lumbar, and obturator hernias. All abdominal wall hernias consist of a peritoneal sac that protrudes through a weakness…
Cross-sectional imaging modalities including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonancy imaging (MRI) provide good anatomic detail of the abdominal wall and allow evaluation of pathologic processes in this area. Ultrasonography is frequently used as the first imaging modality to…
Non-neoplastic Conditions of the Peritoneum In many of the diseases discussed in this chapter the diagnosis is often initially raised on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in most cases, it is not possible to make a…
Peritoneal Fluid Collections Etiology Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. There are numerous causes of ascites, including congenital, infective, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. In the United States the most common causes are liver disease and…
Trauma Etiology Urethral trauma may result from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic injury. The spectrum of urethral injuries includes contusion, partial or complete disruption, and urethral injury and may involve either the anterior or posterior urethral segment. Blunt anterior urethral injuries…
Urethral Diverticulum Etiology A urethral diverticulum is a focal outpouching of urethral tissue into the urethrovaginal space. It is thought to be due to postinflammatory dilatation and rupture of the periurethral glands (of Skene) into the urethra. Most urethral diverticula…
Benign Testicular Lesions Etiology and Clinical Presentation Benign scrotal or testicular swellings and masses have many etiologies and different clinical presentations, as listed in Tables 78-1 and 78-2 . Of palpable nodules, 31% to 47% are benign at surgery. TABLE…
Technical Aspects Scrotal imaging has been one of the undeniable success stories of modern radiology. The scrotum is predominantly imaged for two clinical indications: the painless scrotal mass and the acute scrotum. Both conditions predominantly affect young men in the…
Etiology Penile lesions can be categorized by cause ( Box 76-1 ). Box 76-1 From Bhatt S, Kocakoc E, Rubens DJ, et al: Sonographic evaluation of penile trauma. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24:993–1000. Penile Pathologic Processes Trauma Blunt trauma Penetrating or…
Etiology Erectile dysfunction manifests clinically most commonly as impotence and less commonly as priapism. The causes of impotence can be psychogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, anatomic, infectious, pharmacologic, or vasogenic. Vasogenic causes of erectile dysfunction include venous leak (aging, priapism, congenital, idiopathic)…