Evaluating the postoperative patient is integral to the practice of musculoskeletal radiology. Most of the subsets of musculoskeletal pathology, including trauma, neoplasia, arthritis, sports medicine, and congenital and developmental maladies, encompass many diagnoses and entities that lead to surgical intervention.…
Classification and Definitions Many different classification systems have been described for spinal deformities. Over the years, some of these classifications have fallen out of favor while new descriptive terms have been applied. To accurately diagnose a spinal deformity, it is…
Achondroplasia Achondroplasia belongs to group 1 of the osteochondrodysplasias, as listed in the International Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. It is one of the more common skeletal dysplasias, with a prevalence ranging from 1 : 15,000 to 1 : 40,000 live births.…
Coalition represents abnormal fusion between two or more bones; it occurs more commonly in the bony tarsus but is also seen in the carpal bones. The condition may be congenital or acquired. Coalitions may be complete or incomplete and are…
Etiology and Prevalence Congenital dislocation of the hip is a condition that presents in infancy in approximately 1 in 9000 live births. Although childhood presentation of the condition is uncommon, the occult form of developmental dysplasia occurs frequently. This consists…
Etiology Teratogenic factors due to drugs taken during pregnancy are the best known cause of focal growth disturbances (e.g., thalidomide-associated phocomelia), but sporadic cases of unknown cause are now more frequent. This is due principally to the greater precautions taken…
Pathophysiology The histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is one of the most important prognostic factors for patients with bone or soft tissue sarcoma who are scheduled for surgical treatment. Patients whose tumors show little necrosis relative to the fraction of…
Staging encompasses determination of local tumor extent, including skip lesions, and identification or exclusion of distant metastases. Information on local extent and distant spread is a requisite for treatment planning, as discussed in Chapter 98 . Magnetic resonance (MR) is…
Surgical treatment of a patient with a musculoskeletal tumor is aimed against the disease but often also affects functional ability of the patient for the rest of his or her life. Disability related to treatment can be minimal in small,…
Etiology The formation of osseous metastases follows a complicated series of events that is dependent on the intrinsic properties of the cancerous cells that make up the primary malignancy. The process is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and molecular interactions.…