Embryology At the end of the third week of gestation, the primitive gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an embryo consists of a straight tube suspended from the esophagus to the rectum by the dorsal mesentery, which contains the vascular supply. In…
Whether the pancreas is adorable or not is a debatable issue; however, advanced cross-sectional imaging has permitted generation of excellent and exquisite images of the pancreas, which in turn has contributed immensely to the assessment of pancreatic diseases. Ultrasonography (US)…
History Transplantation of the liver is the definitive treatment for irreversible acute and chronic liver disease. The first successful liver transplant was performed by Starlz in 1967 on a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma, who survived for more than 1 year.…
Focal hepatic mass lesions can be divided into: (1) pseudolesions or pseudotumors, (2) nontumorous mass lesions, including cysts and inflammatory masses, (3) benign tumors, and (4) primary and secondary malignant tumors. Ultrasonography plays a primary role in detection of focal…
Over more than 3 millennia the liver held a central and unsurpassed role among all human organs, manifested in coeval theogony, poetry, and fairy tales. The liver was chosen to be the seat of the soul, intelligence, and passion, equipped…
Biliary Tract Normal Anatomy and Variants On high-resolution computed tomography (CT), normal intrahepatic bile ducts (IHDs) appear as linear water-density structures accompanying the portal vein branches. Normal IHDs measure less than 3 mm. They appear to be randomly scattered throughout the…
Introduction Plain film radiography is the first-line imaging modality in the evaluation of pediatric chest disorders. However, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly being used and are more valuable for further characterization of pediatric chest abnormalities.…
Normal Anatomy Trachea and Main Bronchi The trachea comprises 16 to 22 C -shaped cartilages that are linked longitudinally by annular ligaments of fibrous and connective tissue. The cartilages are connected posteriorly by the membranous wall of the trachea, which…
Normal Anatomy Pleura and Chest Wall The pleura is a thin, two-layered serous membrane that lines the lungs and thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura lines the lungs and invaginates into a double layer to form the major and minor fissures,…
There are many excellent textbooks and articles on the mediastinum. This chapter references these articles and a review of the recent literature as the basis for a discussion of the anatomy, pathology, and radiologic manifestations of mediastinal diseases. Normal Anatomy…