Colon Anatomy The colon starts at the ileocecal valve and is made up anatomically of the cecum; appendix (which is discussed separately below); ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon; and rectum. The ascending and transverse colon develops along with the…
Anatomy The embryological development of the small bowel (midgut) is complicated, involving herniation into the umbilical cord and a 270-degree counterclockwise rotation before returning to the abdominal cavity. As a result, it is not surprising that there are several congenital…
Normal Anatomy The duodenum is classified into four parts. The first is the duodenal bulb, which is intraperitoneal before it passes posteriorly into the second part, or C-sweep, which is retroperitoneal and fixed. This second part starts at the superior…
Normal Anatomy The stomach begins at the gastric cardia (the portion that envelops the lower esophagus) and ends after the pylorus. It consists of a fundus, body, lesser and greater curvature, antrum, and pylorus. It has three layers of smooth…
The esophagus extends from the lower pharynx at the upper esophageal sphincter to the lower esophageal sphincter at the esophageal vestibule, or phrenic ampulla, just above the gastroesophageal (GE) junction. It consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers.…
Bubbly or Lytic Lesions (Fegnomashic) Fibrous dysplasia Enchondroma, eosinophilic granuloma Giant cell tumor Nonossifying fibroma Osteoblastoma Mets and myeloma Aneurysmal bone cyst Solitary bone cyst Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumor), hemangiomas Infection Chondroblastoma; chondromyxoid fibroid Multiple Lytic Lesions (FEEMHI) Fibrous dysplasia Enchondromas,…
There are several additional areas in which magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is useful but should be covered in detail in texts devoted to musculoskeletal (MSK) MRI. They will be only superficially mentioned here. Included in this group are MR of…
I have always found topics on the foot and ankle to be exceedingly boring. This is mainly because I was never called on to use any of the information I learned; hence I quickly forgot all that I was told.…
Imaging the lumbar spine for disc disease and stenosis has evolved in the past 30 years from predominantly myelography-oriented exams to plain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging exams. Although few differences between CT and MR imaging have…
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the shoulder has been shown to have a high degree of accuracy, especially when performed with arthrography. Although most texts divide the shoulder into either cuff or labral abnormalities, it is important to know that…