Solitary Lung Nodule or Mass A pulmonary nodule is defined as any pulmonary lesion that is well-defined, discrete, approximately circular, and 3 cm or less in diameter. The term mass is used for lesions greater than 3 cm in diameter. The differential…
Atelectasis is defined as less than normal inflation of all or part of the lung with a corresponding diminution in lung volume. Although the term collapse is often used synonymously with atelectasis, it should be reserved for complete atelectasis. Mechanisms…
Airspace consolidation is defined as replacement of gas within the airspaces by fluid, protein, cells, or other material. Consolidation is characterized on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) by the presence of one or more fairly homogeneous opacities associated with obscuration…
Radiography Technique Projections The standard radiographic views for evaluation of the chest are the posteroanterior (PA) and lateral projections with the patient standing; such projections provide the essential requirement for proper three-dimensional (3D) assessment ( Fig. 1.1 ). In patients…
Introduction Sonography is often the first-line imaging technique for the evaluation of vascular disease, with the various aspects of this modality, including gray-scale, color or power Doppler, contributing to the success of the examination. The multiparametric nature of sonography has…
Overview The current trends in vascular imaging are to increase the reliance on noninvasive approaches, to minimize complications linked to invasive imaging, and to reserve invasive techniques for therapeutic interventions. Arteriography, while still the gold standard for the evaluation of…
Introduction Medical screening is the process of using a diagnostic algorithm to detect a disease or the susceptibility to develop a disease. A screening process can consist of a medical history, a blood sample that measures a biochemical marker such…
Introduction Ensuring the quality of studies performed and interpreted in the vascular laboratory is a cornerstone of vascular laboratory management. This chapter will review the processes for credentialing of personnel and accreditation of facilities and the core components of a…
Introduction Organ transplantation has become the treatment of choice for end-stage renal and liver disease with the exception of cases with diffuse metastatic liver disease or with hepatocellular carcinoma that has extended beyond the liver. Advances in organ procurement and…
Introduction This chapter has two components: the first reviews the ultrasound assessment of the scrotal contents, and the second describes the role played by ultrasound in the diagnosis of penile abnormalities, including erectile dysfunction and priapism. In both sections, emphasis…