Regardless of origin, abnormal limb development tends to fall into patterns that can be recognized clinically and radiographically ( Fig. 131.1 ). Most classification systems of congenital malformations are based on osseous structures, but it is well recognized that anomalous…
Overview Evaluation of the fetal skeleton is one of the more challenging aspects of prenatal imaging for a variety of reasons. It is such a rapidly changing system in gestation that ossification varies in extent and distribution from week to…
Pediatric musculoskeletal radiology is a broad field that requires an understanding of normal growth and developmental variations, fracture patterns unique to the immature skeleton, skeletal dysplasias, and knowledge of unique tumor and tumor-like conditions. Advanced imaging has improved our ability…
Embryology Both striated muscle and bone are derived from the mesodermal germ layer. The limb buds form at the end of the fourth week of fetal life. Near the end of the second month of fetal life, the embryonic cartilaginous…
Indications for evaluation of the adolescent pelvis usually are based on complaints of abdominal pain, pelvic pain, or a mass. Other clinical symptoms resulting in imaging evaluation in female patients relate to abnormalities of development of secondary sexual characteristics of…
Imaging Techniques Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality to assess the pediatric gynecologic tract, its diseases, and the simulators of those diseases. Ultrasound provides quick evaluation of the uterus, ovaries, and cul-de-sac. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)…
Overview Ultrasound (US), including Doppler imaging in all its forms, is the main diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating the scrotum. Computed tomography (CT) is used predominantly to evaluate metastatic spread of testicular or other intrascrotal tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)…
Embryology, Sex Differentiation, and Gonad Differentiation Overview. The three important precursor components needed for genital system development are the genital ridge and the two sets of internal sex ducts, the Müllerian-paramesonephric and the Wolffian-mesonephric. Around 7 weeks' gestation, the embryologic…
Renal Injury Overview. The kidney is the third most frequently injured abdominal viscus in children and accounts for 1.3% to 15% of injuries in children who suffer blunt abdominal trauma. Children are more susceptible to renal injury during blunt trauma…
Neuroblastoma Overview. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid neoplasm in children and accounts for almost 10% of all childhood neoplasms. Neuroblastoma arises in the abdomen in two-thirds of cases; of these, about two-thirds of lesions occur in the adrenal…