Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Lesions in the liver are often characterized based upon underlying histology. The most common benign lesions include simple cysts, hemangiomas, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), regenerative nodules, and hepatic abscess. ◼ Most benign hepatic…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Anatomy and embryology of the liver is presented in Chapter 15 . This chapter will continue with pathophysiology of cirrhosis. ◼ Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease, which is characterized by diffuse parenchymal necrosis,…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm. It is mostly covered by ribs but the lower portion of the liver is palpable below the right costal margin. The…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ( fig. 14.1 ) ◼ Serous cystadenoma: inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) gene. ◼ Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs): closeness of left primordial gonad to the dorsal pancreatic bud during development, with possible incorporation of ovarian…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Adenocarcinoma: inactivation of multiple antioncogenes, as well as issues with deoxyribonucleic acid mismatch repair ( BRCA2 ). Smoking, diet high in meat and solvent exposure are risk factors. ◼ Neuroendocrine tumors: multiple chromosomal losses. Associated with…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The pancreas is a lobulated, unencapsulated gland located in the anterior pararenal space of the retroperitoneum. ◼ Pancreatic development: two outpouchings or buds develop from the endodermal lining of the duodenum. The ventral bud will eventually…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right lower quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: cecum, ascending colon, appendix. ◼ Acute appendicitis. ◼ Acute cecal diverticulitis. ◼ Inflammatory…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right upper quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: liver, biliary, pancreas, and duodenum. ◼ Liver. ◼ Hepatic steatosis. ◼ Infectious hepatitis.…
Anatomy ◼ Adenomas can develop anywhere in the colon or rectum but are seen with the greatest frequency in the sigmoid colon. ◼ The frequency of polyp occurrence in each section of the colon is approximately as follows: rectum 15%;…
Anatomy ◼ The arterial supply of the small bowel is predominantly from the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). ◼ The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the internal iliac arteries may become important contributors in the setting of arterial…