Introduction Musculoskeletal ultrasound has become increasingly common over the last two decades. The possibility of a real-time, dynamic imaging modality that is both low cost and safe are among the key driving forces making this an important component of patient…
Clinical Considerations Ultrasound is an ideal modality to supplement evaluation of the soft tissue. The high–frequency linear transducer produces a detailed image of the area in question. By adding dynamic interrogation, such as manual compression or color flow, we can…
Peripheral Artery Disease Patients may present with acute or chronic lower extremity arterial insufficiency. Chronic lower extremity arterial insufficiency is typically secondary to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a gradual, degenerative disease where plaque accumulates in the wall of the artery and…
Anatomy This chapter is different from other chapters, in that there may be a variety of causes and different anatomic regions may be the etiology of pain in later pregnancy. As for anatomic considerations, the main focus of this chapter…
Normal First-Trimester Ultrasound Appearance Pelvic ultrasound is the key imaging modality in the diagnosis of early pregnancy and its associated complications. Both transabdominal and transvaginal sonography (TVS) techniques are used. Gestational Sac Intradecidual Sign The intradecidual sign refers to an…
Normal Anatomy The uterus is composed of the muscular layer, or myometrium. The body is the main portion of the uterus. The fundus is a more superior portion above the body of the uterus. The areas of the uterus where…
Scrotum Normal Anatomy The surface of the testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis, which extends to the inner surface of the scrotal wall in continuity. A trace amount of fluid in between both layers allows a high mobility of…
Bowel Ultrasound Normal Anatomy The small bowel consists of the bowel distal to the stomach and proximal to the colon. It is approximately 5 meters long and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small bowel contains prominent mucosal folds…
Introduction Patients with aortic pathology often present with nonspecific complaints or presentations such as back pain, abdominal pain, myocardial infarction (MI), or even stroke, making the diagnosis difficult. The adage of “abdominal pain plus one other organ system” should prompt…
Normal Anatomy Kidneys The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures and are surrounded by fascial layers, including Gerota’s fascia. There is direct supply of the renal arteries and veins to the kidney from the abdominal aorta. The right and left renal arteries…